PICO DE ORIZABA / CITLALTÉPETL PEINT PAR DIEGO RIVERA

 

DIEGO RIVERA (1886-1957)
Pico de Orizaba / Citlaltépetl (5,636 m -18,491 ft)
Mexique

In Mountain peaks, aquarelle  26.6 x 37.4 cm

La montagne

Pico de Orizaba  (5,636 m -18,491 ft) ou Citlaltépetl est un volcan du Mexique, à la limite entre les États de Veracruz et Puebla. Il est  situé dans la cordillère Néovolcanique, il constitue le point culminant du pays et de cette chaîne de montagnes, mais également le plus haut volcan d'Amérique du Nord ce qui en fait un des sept sommets volcaniques. Sa dernière éruption remonte à 1846. Sa première ascension officielle a lieu deux ans plus tard, à la fin de la Guerre américano-mexicaine, par les lieutenants américains F. Maynard et G. Reynolds.
Le parc national Pico de Orizaba a été créé le 16 décembre 1936 sur une superficie de 19 750 ha afin de protéger la richesse naturelle du volcan, ses environs et les localités de Tlachichuca, Ciudad Serdán, La Perla, Mariano Escobedo et Calcahualco. Le décret fédéral a été traduit en loi fédérale le 4 janvier 1937.
Le pic d'Orizaba est une figure majeure dans les cultures pré-hispaniques, comme chez les Aztèques et les Totonaques. Le volcan est l'objet de nombreuses mythologies autochtones. Chez les Olmèques, Orizaba est l'esprit d'un aigle réincarné en volcan ; le fait de le gravir et de prier au sommet prévient de ses colères et l'empêche d'entrer en éruption.

Le peintre
Diego María de la Concepción Juan Nepomuceno Estanislao de la Rivera y Barrientos Acosta y Rodríguez, plus connu sous le nom de Diego Rivera  est un peintre mexicain. Bien qu'il ait tout au long de sa vie pratiqué la peinture de chevalet, Rivera est mondialement connu pour ses peintures murales, réalisées au Mexique, principalement à Mexico, et aux États-Unis. Ses peintures murales sont indissociables de ses convictions communistes et de sa fascination pour le passé préhispanique du Mexique. Il fut l'époux de l'artiste Frida Kahlo. De 1913 à 1918, ses peintures sont d'inspiration cubiste (dont Paysage zapatiste - Le Guérillero, 1915). À la suite d'un conflit avec le critique d'art Pierre Reverdy, il rompt avec le cubisme et revient à la figuration. Son voyage en Italie en 1920 lui fait découvrir les fresques murales qui vont l'inspirer pour son œuvre ultérieure la plus connue, ses immenses peintures murales. Il utilise pour cela les pigments traditionnels utilisés à l'époque pré-hispanique. Les thèmes traités sur commande du gouvernement sont sociaux et historiques, concernant l'histoire officielle récente du Mexique. L'inspiration est également politique avec la représentation du travail ouvrier (L'industrie de Detroit, 1932-1933).
Rivera a fait l'objet de nombreuses critiques de son vivant, notamment de la part de David Alfaro Siqueiros, qui l'accusa, dans un article publié le 29 mai 1934 par le magazine New Masses d'être un opportuniste, d'avoir une vision idéalisée et fausse des indigènes, d'être un touriste mental (parce qu'il s'était « planqué » à l'étranger durant la révolution), un snob, un saboteur du travail collectif, le peintre de la nouvelle bourgeoisie et des millionnaires, techniquement dépassé, de dépendre financièrement des subsides du gouvernement et d'être un de ses agents, un esthète de l'impérialisme.

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2024 - Gravir les montagnes en peinture
Un blog de Francis Rousseau   

PICO DE ORIZABA / CILALTÉPETL PAINTED BY DIEGO RIVERA

 

DIEGO RIVERA (1886-1957)
Pico de Orizaba / Citlaltépetl (5,636 m -18,491 ft) 
Mexico (Vera Cruz)

The mountain
Pico de Orizaba (5,636 m -18,491 ft) also known as Citlaltépetl is a stratovolcano, the highest mountain in Mexico and the third highest in North America, after Denali of Alaska in the United States and Mount Logan of Canada. It rises in the eastern end of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, on the border between the states of Veracruz and Puebla. The volcano is currently dormant but not extinct, with the last eruption taking place during the 19th century. It is the second most prominent volcanic peak in the world after Africa's Mount Kilimanjaro. Pico de Orizaba was important in pre-Hispanic cultures, such as those of the Nahuatl-speaking Aztecs and the Totonacs. The volcano is part of many native mythologies. Pico de Orizaba is located 200 kilometres (120 mi) east of Mexico City and approximately 480 kilometres (300 mi) south of the Tropic of Cancer. A companion peak lying about six km to the southwest of Pico de Orizaba is the Sierra Negra, at 4,640 metres (15,223 ft). Pico de Orizaba is one of only three volcanoes in México that continue to support glaciers and is home to the largest glacier in Mexico, Gran Glaciar Norte. Orizaba has nine known glaciers: Gran Glaciar Norte, Lengua del Chichimeco, Jamapa, Toro, Glaciar de la Barba, Noroccidental, Occidental, Suroccidental, and Oriental. Pico de Orizaba, like the Sierra Madre Oriental, forms a barrier between the coastal plains of the Gulf of Mexico and the Mexican Plateau. The volcano blocks the moisture from the Gulf of Mexico from saturating central Mexico and influences the climates of both areas. Both the state of Veracruz and Puebla depend on Pico de Orizaba for supplying fresh water. The largest river originating on the volcano is the Jamapa River.

The painter
Diego María de la Concepción Juan Nepomuceno Estanislao de la Rivera y Barrientos Acosta y Rodríguez, known as Diego Rivera was a prominent Mexican painter. His large frescoes helped establish the Mexican mural movement in Mexican art. Between 1922 and 1953, Rivera painted murals in, among other places, Mexico City, Chapingo, Cuernavaca, San Francisco, Detroit, and New York City. In 1931, a retrospective exhibition of his works was held at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. Rivera had a volatile marriage with fellow Mexican artist Frida Kahlo. In 1926, Rivera became a member of AMORC, the Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis, an occult organization founded by American occultist Harvey Spencer Lewis. In 1926, Rivera was among the founders of AMORC's Mexico City lodge, called Quetzalcoatl, and painted an image of Quetzalcoatl for the local temple. In 1954, when he tried to be readmitted into the Mexican Communist Party from which he had previously been excluded because of his support of Trotsky, Rivera had to justify his AMORC activities. The Mexican Communist Party at that time excluded from its ranks members of Freemasonry, and regarded AMORC as suspiciously similar to Freemasonry. Rivera answered that, by joining AMORC, he wanted to infiltrate a typical “Yankee” organization on behalf of Communism. However, he also claimed that AMORC was “essentially materialist, insofar as it only admits different states of energy and matter, and is based on ancient Egyptian occult knowledge from Amenhotep IV and Nefertiti.”
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2022 - Wandering Vertexes...
by Francis Rousseau

THE POPOCATEPETL PAINTED BY DIEGO RIVERA

DIEGO RIVERA (1886-1957) 

The Popocatépetl (5,426 m -17,802 ft) 

Mexico

In   The Threshing Floor (La era), oil on canvas, 100 x 114.6 cm, 1904,  

Museo Casa Diego Rivera, Guanajuato.

The mountain
Popocatépetl (5,426 m - 17,802 ft) is an active volcano, located in the states of Puebla, Mexico, and Morelos, in Central Mexico, and lies in the eastern half of the Trans-Mexican volcanic belt. The name Popocatépetl comes from the Nahuatl words popōca (it smokes) and tepētl (mountain), meaning Smoking Mountain. It is the second highest peak in Mexico, after Citlaltépetl (Pico de Orizaba) at 5,636 m (18,491 ft).
It is linked to the Iztaccihuatl volcano to the north by the high saddle known as the Paso de Cortés.
Popocatépetl is 70 km (43 mi) southeast of Mexico City, from where it can be seen regularly, depending on atmospheric conditions. Until recently, the volcano was one of three tall peaks in Mexico to contain glaciers, the others being Iztaccihuatl and Pico de Orizaba. In the 1990s, the glaciers such as Glaciar Norte (North Glacier) greatly decreased in size, partly due to warmer temperatures but largely due to increased volcanic activity. By early 2001, Popocatépetl's glaciers were gone; ice remained on the volcano, but no longer displayed the characteristic features of glaciers such as crevasses.
Magma erupting from Popocatépetl has historically been predominantly andesitic, but it has also erupted large volumes of dacite. Magma produced in the current cycle of activity tends to be a mixture of the two.

The painter
Diego María de la Concepción Juan Nepomuceno Estanislao de la Rivera y Barrientos Acosta y Rodríguez, known as Diego Rivera was a prominent Mexican painter. His large frescoes helped establish the Mexican mural movement in Mexican art. Between 1922 and 1953, Rivera painted murals in, among other places, Mexico City, Chapingo, Cuernavaca, San Francisco, Detroit, and New York City. In 1931, a retrospective exhibition of his works was held at the Museum of Modern Art in New York.

Rivera had a volatile marriage with fellow Mexican artist Frida Kahlo.
In 1926, Rivera became a member of AMORC, the Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis, an occult organization founded by American occultist Harvey Spencer Lewis. In 1926, Rivera was among the founders of AMORC's Mexico City lodge, called Quetzalcoatl, and painted an image of Quetzalcoatl for the local temple.  In 1954, when he tried to be readmitted into the Mexican Communist Party from which he had previously been excluded because of his support of Trotsky, Rivera had to justify his AMORC activities. The Mexican Communist Party at that time excluded from its ranks members of Freemasonry, and regarded AMORC as suspiciously similar to Freemasonry.  Rivera answered that, by joining AMORC, he wanted to infiltrate a typical “Yankee” organization on behalf of Communism. However, he also claimed that AMORC was “essentially materialist, insofar as it only admits different states of energy and matter, and is based on ancient Egyptian occult knowledge from Amenhotep IV and Nefertiti.”

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2019 - Wandering Vertexes...

by Francis Rousseau