SIDONIA MENSAE / LE VISAGE DE MARS VU PAR NASA MARS GLOBAL SURVEYOR

MARS GLOBAL SURVEYOR (1996-2007)
Sidonia Mensae nd)
Planète Mars 

Le relief
Cydonia Mensae, connu aussi sous le nom de "Le Visage de Mars" est un relief martien situé dans le quadrangle de Mare Acidalium. Il est à l'origine d'un exemple de paréidolie. Le 25 juillet 1976, au cours de sa 35e orbite, l'orbiteur Viking 1 survole Mars autour du 41° de latitude nord. C'est lors de ce passage qu'est pris le fameux cliché du « visage de Mars ». Si les scientifiques y voient un banal jeu d'ombres et lumière sur le relief, à l'époque, certains passionnés de vie extraterrestre ont cru y déceler une structure artificielle. Depuis, de nouvelles photos du visage prises par la sonde Mars Global Surveyor avec une résolution bien supérieure ont montré qu'il s'agit d'une colline érodée. Dans la zone de Cydonia à proximité du « visage », un peu plus au sud-ouest, il y a une autre colline ressemblant à une pyramide à cinq faces, mise en évidence par Vincent DiPietro et Gregory Molenaar et nommée en conséquence D&M. Les spéculations autour de ce « visage » atteignent un tel niveau que la NASA en fait une des cibles prioritaires de son nouvel orbiteur, Mars Global Surveyor. Jim Garvin, chef scientifique du programme d'exploration de Mars de la NASA, déclare « nous avons photographié le « visage » dès que nous avons pu en avoir un bon aperçub ». Ainsi, le 5 avril 1998, soit 22 ans après les images prises par Viking 1, Mars Global Surveyor photographie la région avec une résolution dix fois supérieure à celle de Viking 1, grâce son imageur Mars Orbiter Camera. Comme attendu, le cliché ne dévoile qu'un massif montagneux classique et aucun signe d'un éventuel visage. 

La mission
Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) également désignée par son sigle MGS, est une mission spatiale développée par le centre JPL de la NASA qui a étudié de 1997 à 2006 l'atmosphère et la surface de la planète Mars en circulant sur une orbite héliosynchrone autour de celle-ci. La sonde spatiale devait répondre aux nombreuses interrogations soulevées par les données collectées dans le cadre du programme Viking lancé 20 ans auparavant portant sur l'histoire de la planète, la structure de sa surface et de son atmosphère ainsi que sur les processus dynamiques encore à l’œuvre. L'agence spatiale américaine lance la conception de Mars Global Surveyor en 1994 à la suite de l'échec de la mission martienne Mars Observer. MGS reprend les principaux objectifs de celle-ci, mais, afin de limiter son coût, la sonde spatiale réutilise les instruments et les équipements développés pour Mars Observer. Elle est construite et testée en un temps record puis lancée en novembre 1996. Pour se placer sur son orbite de travail autour de Mars, la sonde spatiale inaugure le recours à l'aérofreinage qui permet de réduire la quantité d'ergols transportée et donc d'abaisser les coûts. Le déploiement incomplet d'un panneau solaire rallonge la phase d'aérofreinage qui s'achève en février 1999, soit 15 mois après la date prévue. La phase de recueil des données scientifiques débute alors et se prolonge jusqu'en octobre 2006 établissant un nouveau record de longévité. Les découvertes réalisées grâce à la mission et les images spectaculaires prises par la caméra contribuent à renouveler l'intérêt des scientifiques mais également du grand public pour la planète Mars. L'altimètre laser de MGS dresse la première carte topographique de la planète mettant en évidence les différences spectaculaires entre les hémisphères nord et sud. Le spectromètre infrarouge TES découvre des régions où abonde l'hématite grise qui pourrait signaler la présence d'eau dans le passé et qui, à ce titre, fera l'objet d'investigations poussées par les missions spatiales suivantes. Le magnétomètre détecte un magnétisme rémanent présent dans la croute de certaines régions qui constitue sans doute le vestige d'un champ magnétique qui s'est éteint il y a 4 milliards d'années. Enfin, la caméra MOC fournit des images haute définition qui démontrent la complexité des paysages martiens, permettent de découvrir de nombreuses formations originales comme les traînées noires, les ravines associées potentiellement à la présence d'eau dans un passé lointain ou non, et plus généralement contribuent à reconstituer l'histoire de la planète. 

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2024 - Gravir les montagnes en peinture
Un blog de Francis Rousseau

APOLLINARIS MONS PHOTOGRAPHIÉ PAR NASA MARS GLOBAL SURVEYOR

 

NASA MARS GLOBAL SURVEYOR (1996-2007)
Apollinaris Mons (5,500m)
MARS

Le volcan
Apollinaris Mons (5500 mètres), parfois appelé Apollinaris Patera bien que ce nom ne se réfère stricto sensu qu'à sa caldeira sommitale, est un volcan situé sur la planète Mars par 9,3° S et 174,4° E dans le quadrangle d'Aeolis (MC-23), à la frontière géologique matérialisant la dichotomie crustale martienne. Large de 295 km, il culmine à un peu plus de 3 000 m d'altitude au-dessus du niveau de référence martien et d'environ 5 500 m au-dessus d'Elysium Planitia. Ce volcan possède une caldeira à deux niveaux d'environ 85 km de diamètre et de l'ordre de 1 500 m de profondeur. 'est un volcan très ancien, formé au Noachien il y a au moins 3,8 milliards d'années — peut-être même 4 milliards d'années — et dont l'activité ne s'est pas prolongée au-delà du début de l'Hespérien, cessant au plus tard il y a 3,6 milliards d'années.
Il semble s'agir d'un stratovolcan dont la très vaste caldeira résulterait d'une éruption plinienne.

La photographie
En avril 1999, la caméra Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) est passée au-dessus du volcan Apollinaris Patera et a capturé une nappe de nuages lumineux suspendus au-dessus de son sommet au début de l'après-midi martien. Cet ancien volcan est situé près de l'équateur et, d'après les observations des orbiteurs vikings des années 1970, on pense qu'il mesure jusqu'à 5 kilomètres (3 miles) de haut. La couleur de cette image est dérivée des systèmes de caméra grand angle rouge et bleu MOC et ne représente pas la vraie couleur telle qu'elle apparaîtrait à l'œil humain (c'est-à-dire si un humain était en mesure d'orbiter autour de la planète rouge) . L'éclairage vient du coin supérieur gauche.
Malin Space Science Systems et le California Institute of Technology ont construit le MOC en utilisant du matériel de rechange de la mission Mars Observer. MSSS exploite la caméra depuis ses installations de San Diego, en Californie. Le projet Mars Surveyor Operations du Jet Propulsion Laboratory exploite le vaisseau spatial Mars Global Surveyor avec son partenaire industriel, Lockheed Martin Astronautics, à partir d'installations à Pasadena, CA et Denver, CO. 

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2023 - Wandering Vertexes ....
Errant au-dessus des Sommets Silencieux...
Un blog de Francis Rousseau 

OLYMPUS MONS (ON MARS) PHOTOGRAPHED BY NASA MARS GLOBAL SURVEYOR

NASA MARS GLOBAL SURVEYOR  (1996-2007)
Olympus Mons (21, 230m - 69,650ft)
Mars (Solar system)

The Volcano
Olympus Mons (21, 230m / 21, 2 km-  69,650 ft /1 3 mi) is a very large shield volcano located on the planet Mars,  the largest volcano in the solar system. The massive Martian mountain towers high above the surrounding plains of the red planet, and may be biding its time until the next eruption.By one measure, it has a height of nearly 22 km (13.6 mi). Olympus Mons stands about two and a half times as tall as Mount Everest's height above sea level. It is the youngest of the large volcanoes on Mars, having formed during Mars's Hesperian Period. It had been known to astronomers since the late 19th century as the albedo feature Nix Olympica (Latin for "Olympic Snow"). Its mountainous nature was suspected well before space probes confirmed its identity as a mountain.

The volcano is located in Mars's western hemisphere at approximately 18.65°N 226.2°E, just off the northwestern edge of the Tharsis bulge. The western portion of the volcano lies in the Amazonis quadrangle (MC-8) and the central and eastern portions in the adjoining Tharsis quadrangle (MC-9).

Two impact craters on Olympus Mons have been assigned provisional names by the International Astronomical Union. They are the 15.6 km (9.7 mi)-diameter Karzok crater (18°25′N 131°55′W) and the 10.4 km (6.5 mi)-diameter Pangboche crater (17°10′N 133°35′W). The craters are notable for being two of several suspected source areas for shergottites, the most abundant class of Martian meteorites. Olympus Mons and a few other volcanoes in the Tharsis region stand high enough to reach above the frequent Martian dust-storms recorded by telescopic observers as early as the 19th century. The astronomer Patrick Moore pointed out that Schiaparelli (1835–1910) "had found that his Nodus Gordis and Olympic Snow [Nix Olympica] were almost the only features to be seen" during dust storms, and "guessed correctly that they must be high". The Mariner 9 spacecraft arrived in orbit around Mars in 1971 during a global dust-storm. The first objects to become visible as the dust began to settle, the tops of the Tharsis volcanoes, demonstrated that the altitude of these features greatly exceeded that of any mountain found on Earth, as astronomers expected. Observations of the planet from Mariner 9 confirmed that Nix Olympica was not just a mountain, but a volcano. Ultimately, astronomers adopted the name Olympus Mons for the albedo feature known as Nix Olympica.

The mission
Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) was an American robotic spacecraft developed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and launched November 7, 1996. Mars Global Surveyor was a global mapping mission that examined the entire planet, from the ionosphere down through the atmosphere to the surface. As part of the larger Mars Exploration Program, Mars Global Surveyor performed monitoring relay for sister orbiters during aerobraking, and it helped Mars rovers and lander missions by identifying potential landing sites and relaying surface telemetry.
It completed its primary mission in January 2001 and was in its third extended mission phase when, on 2 November 2006, the spacecraft failed to respond to messages and commands. A faint signal was detected three days later which indicated that it had gone into safe mode. Attempts to recontact the spacecraft and resolve the problem failed, and NASA officially ended the mission in January 2007.
The Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) science investigation used 3 instruments: a narrow angle camera that took (black-and-white) high resolution images (usually 1.5 to 12 m per pixel) and red and blue wide angle pictures for context (240 m per pixel) and daily global imaging (7.5 km per pixel). MOC returned more than 240,000 images spanning portions of 4.8 Martian years, from September 1997 and November 2006.[6] A high resolution image from MOC covers a distance of either 1.5 or 3.1 km long. Often, a picture will be smaller than this because it has been cut to just show a certain feature. These high resolution images may cover features 3 to 10 km long. When a high resolution image is taken, a context image is taken as well. The context image shows the image footprint of the high resolution picture. Context images are typically 115.2 km square with 240 m/pixel resolution.

The Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter, or MOLA, is an instrument on the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS), a spacecraft that was launched on November 7, 1996. The mission of MGS was to orbit Mars, and map it over the course of approximately 3 years, which it did sucessfully, completing 4 1/2 years of mapping.
Determining the height of surface features on Mars is important to mapping it. To this end, MGS carried a laser altimeter on board. This instrument, MOLA, collected altimetry data until June 30, 2001. MOLA then operated as a radiometer until October 7, 2006.
This website will explain what MOLA is and how it works, and share some of the important discoveries about Mars that have been made using MOLA data.

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2021 - Wandering Vertexes...
by Francis Rousseau

PAVONIS MONS BY NASA MARS GLOBAL SURVEYOR

 NASA MARS GLOBAL SURVEYOR  (1996-2007), 

Pavonis Mons (14,000m / 14km - 46,000ft / 8,7 mi) 

MARS

The mountain 

Pavonis Mons (14,000m / 14km - 46,000ft / 8,7 mi)  latin for "peacock mountain" is a large shield volcano located in the Tharsis region of the planet Mars. It is the middle member of a chain of three volcanic mountains (collectively known as the Tharsis Montes) that straddle the Martian equator between longitudes 235°E and 259°E. The volcano was discovered by the Mariner 9 spacecraft in 1971 and was originally called Middle Spot. Its name formally became Pavonis Mons in 1973.

Using NASA Mars Global Surveyor  and Odyssey data, combined with developments in the study of glaciers, scientists suggest that glaciers once existed on Pavonis Mons and probably still do to some extent.  Evidence for this includes concentric ridges (moraines "dropped" by glaciers), a knobby area (caused by ice sublimating), and a smooth section that flows over other deposits (debris-covered glacial ice). The ice could have been deposited when the tilt of Mars changed the climate, thereby causing more moisture to be present in the atmosphere. Studies suggest the glaciation happened in the Late Amazonian period, the most recent period in Mars chronology. Multiple stages of glaciation probably occurred. The ice present today represents one more resource for possible future colonization of the planet.

The mission
Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) was an American robotic spacecraft developed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and launched November 7, 1996. Mars Global Surveyor was a global mapping mission that examined the entire planet, from the ionosphere down through the atmosphere to the surface.  As part of the larger Mars Exploration Program, Mars Global Surveyor performed monitoring relay for sister orbiters during aerobraking, and it helped Mars rovers and lander missions by identifying potential landing sites and relaying surface telemetry.
It completed its primary mission in January 2001 and was in its third extended mission phase when, on 2 November 2006, the spacecraft failed to respond to messages and commands. A faint signal was detected three days later which indicated that it had gone into safe mode. Attempts to recontact the spacecraft and resolve the problem failed, and NASA officially ended the mission in January 2007.
The Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) science investigation used 3 instruments: a narrow angle camera that took (black-and-white) high resolution images (usually 1.5 to 12 m per pixel) and red and blue wide angle pictures for context (240 m per pixel) and daily global imaging (7.5 km per pixel). MOC returned more than 240,000 images spanning portions of 4.8 Martian years, from September 1997 and November 2006.[6] A high resolution image from MOC covers a distance of either 1.5 or 3.1 km long. Often, a picture will be smaller than this because it has been cut to just show a certain feature. These high resolution images may cover features 3 to 10 km long. When a high resolution image is taken, a context image is taken as well. The context image shows the image footprint of the high resolution picture. Context images are typically 115.2 km square with 240 m/pixel resolution.

HECATES THOLUS PHOTOGRAPHED BY NASA MARS CLOBAL SURVEYOR

NASA MARS GLOBAL SURVEYOR  (1996-2007)

Hecates Tholus  (4, 500 m /4, 5km - 14,764ft /2, 79mi)

 Mars (Solar System) 

Photographed  in october 27, 2003 

The mountain 
Hecates Tholus (4,500 m /4, 5km - 14,764ft /2, 79mi) is a volcano located on the planet Mars by 32.1 ° N and 150.2 ° E in the Cebrenia quadrangle. It is about 180 km wide, about 6,000 m above Elysium Planitia. This volcano has a small summit caldera about 13 km in diameter and barely 500 m deep, and a newer lateral caldera about 10 km wide. Its flanks are convex, with a slope varying from 6 ° to 3 ° from the base to the summit.
Hecates Tholus is located north-east of Elysium Mons, north of Elysium Planitia, the second largest volcanic province of Mars, which also includes Albor Tholus in the center and Apollinaris Mons in the extreme south-east.The oldest sites were dated on the flanks of Hecates Tholus around 3.4 Ga, indicating that the volcano would have formed no later than that date. The summit caldera has subsequently experienced at least three volcanic episodes, the main one around 1 Ga and two minor episodes, with no effect on the flanks, dated at about 300 Ma and 100 Ma2.
The HRSC of the Mars Express spacecraft also discovered a second caldera, located to the northwest northwest near the base of the dome, with a diameter of 10 km and corresponding to an eruption dated to about 350 Ma5. This observation campaign has also identified recent glacial deposits in the caldeira and nearby depressions, dated less than 25 Ma, which would be in sync with a period of greater obliquity suggested at that time by various similar observations. on the surface of the planet6.
Given the morphology of the building, dome-shaped with decreasing slopes from the base to the summit, it could be a stratovolcano, similar in nature to Albor Tholus.

The mission
Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) was an American robotic spacecraft developed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and launched November 7, 1996. Mars Global Surveyor was a global mapping mission that examined the entire planet, from the ionosphere down through the atmosphere to the surface.  As part of the larger Mars Exploration Program, Mars Global Surveyor performed monitoring relay for sister orbiters during aerobraking, and it helped Mars rovers and lander missions by identifying potential landing sites and relaying surface telemetry.
It completed its primary mission in January 2001 and was in its third extended mission phase when, on 2 November 2006, the spacecraft failed to respond to messages and commands. A faint signal was detected three days later which indicated that it had gone into safe mode. Attempts to recontact the spacecraft and resolve the problem failed, and NASA officially ended the mission in January 2007.
The Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) science investigation used 3 instruments: a narrow angle camera that took (black-and-white) high resolution images (usually 1.5 to 12 m per pixel) and red and blue wide angle pictures for context (240 m per pixel) and daily global imaging (7.5 km per pixel). MOC returned more than 240,000 images spanning portions of 4.8 Martian years, from September 1997 and November 2006.[6] A high resolution image from MOC covers a distance of either 1.5 or 3.1 km long. Often, a picture will be smaller than this because it has been cut to just show a certain feature. These high resolution images may cover features 3 to 10 km long. When a high resolution image is taken, a context image is taken as well. The context image shows the image footprint of the high resolution picture. Context images are typically 115.2 km square with 240 m/pixel resolution.

CERAUNIUS THOLUS SEEN BY NASA MARS GLOBAL SURVEYOR

NASA MARS GLOBAL SURVEYOR  (1996-2007) 

Ceraunius Tholus (5,500 m  / 5, 5 km - 18,044 ft  / 3,4 mi)

MARS

1. In View of Ceraunius Tholus (left) and Uranius Tholus (right), Mars Orbiter Camera of 

Mars Global Surveyor, 2002

2.    In The volcanoes Ceraunius Tholus (left) and Uranius Tholus (right) showed by 

THEMIS daytime infrared image mosaic, 2012

The mountain 
Ceraunius Tholus (5,500 m -  )is a volcano on Mars located in the Tharsis quadrangle at 24.25° north latitude and 262.75° east longitude, part of the Uranius group of volcanoes. It is 130 km across, 5.5 km high and is named after a classical albedo feature name.
Ceraunius Tholus is on the Tharsis rise, also called the Tharsis bulge. Tharsis is a land of great volcanoes. Olympus Mons is the tallest known volcano. Ascraeus Mons and Pavonis Mons are at least 320 km across and are over 10 km above the plateau that they sit on. The plateau is five to four seven kilometers above the zero altitude of Mars.
Ceranius Tholus is generally believed to be a basaltic shield with the lower part buried beneath plain forming lavas. Earlier interpretations suggested that it is a stratovolcano.  The slopes on Ceraunius Tholus are quite steep with an average slope of 8° with many radial erosion channels and pitted valleys extending from just below the rim of the caldera toward the base of the volcano. The current view is that the valleys were eroded by water.  Interesting features on Ceraunius Tholus are three large canyons at the northwest flank of Ceraunius Tholus which are up to 2.5 km wide and 300 m deep. The biggest of these three also appears to be the youngest and protrude from the lowest point of the volcanic caldera and ends at the interesting crater Rahe (an oblique impact crater with measures of 35 Ч 18 km), just north from the volcano where it formed a depositional fan. Its origin is still debatable and there are four main models proposed: fluvial action, volcanic flows, valley being a lava channel or some combination of previously mentioned models.
Ceraunius appears small compared to other larger volcanoes, but it is almost as tall as Earth's Mount Everest. The caldera of Ceranius Tholus is also dotted with many collapse pits, which are distinct from impact craters as they have no rim and vary in abundance across the caldera. Ceraunius Tholus is probably late Hesperian in age.
Some scientists believe that glaciers may have existed on many of the volcanoes in Tharsis including Olympus Mons, Ascraeus Mons, and Pavonis Mons.  Ceraunius Tholus may have even had its glaciers melt to form some temporary lakes in the past. The smoothness and flatness of the Ceraunius Tholus caldera floor suggests that in the past meltwater accumulated in a caldera lake.

The mission
Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) was an American robotic spacecraft developed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and launched November 7, 1996. Mars Global Surveyor was a global mapping mission that examined the entire planet, from the ionosphere down through the atmosphere to the surface.  As part of the larger Mars Exploration Program, Mars Global Surveyor performed monitoring relay for sister orbiters during aerobraking, and it helped Mars rovers and lander missions by identifying potential landing sites and relaying surface telemetry.
It completed its primary mission in January 2001 and was in its third extended mission phase when, on 2 November 2006, the spacecraft failed to respond to messages and commands. A faint signal was detected three days later which indicated that it had gone into safe mode. Attempts to recontact the spacecraft and resolve the problem failed, and NASA officially ended the mission in January 2007.
The Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) science investigation used 3 instruments: a narrow angle camera that took (black-and-white) high resolution images (usually 1.5 to 12 m per pixel) and red and blue wide angle pictures for context (240 m per pixel) and daily global imaging (7.5 km per pixel). MOC returned more than 240,000 images spanning portions of 4.8 Martian years, from September 1997 and November 2006.[6] A high resolution image from MOC covers a distance of either 1.5 or 3.1 km long. Often, a picture will be smaller than this because it has been cut to just show a certain feature. These high resolution images may cover features 3 to 10 km long. When a high resolution image is taken, a context image is taken as well. The context image shows the image footprint of the high resolution picture. Context images are typically 115.2 km square with 240 m/pixel resolution.
Source: 
- NASA data base on MGS