SINAÏ / JABAL MUSA PEINT PAR JOACHIM PATINIER

 

JOACHIM PATINIER (1484-1524) 

Mount Sinaï ou Jabal Musa (2,285 m - 7,496ft) 

Egypte

 

In Paysage de  la Fuite en Egypte, huile sur panneau, 1517, Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp 

 

A propos de la composition
Il s'agit évidement ici d'un Mont Sinaï imaginaire que l'on aperçoit à droite dans le loitain reproduit sur la foi de pèlerins de l'époque. Au cas où l'on aurait un doute, le petit village d'architecture flamande rassurerait tout de suite quant à la position géographique ! Ceci dit, hormis le ruisseau qui traverse ce désert du Sinaï plutôt hospitalier, la peinture des reliefs n'est pas si éloignée que cela de la réalité topographique. 

 

 Le peintre
Joachim Patinier, Patenier, ou Patinir, est un peintre et dessinateur flamand de la Haute Renaissance.  Il intégra en 1515 la Guilde de Saint-Luc des peintres d'Anvers comme franc-maître et travailla en collaboration avec différents peintres dont Quentin Metsys. Ce dernier devait être assez intime avec lui puisqu'à sa mort, il fut désigné comme l'un des tuteurs de ses enfants. Lors de son voyage aux Pays-Bas, Albrecht Dürer se lia d'amitié avec Joachim Patinier et réalisa son portrait. C'est « un bon peintre de paysage » nota-t-il dans son journal de voyage. Il lui emprunta des couleurs, un de ses élèves, et assista à son second mariage le 5 mai 1521.
Considéré comme l'un des initiateurs du genre « paysage » dans la peinture occidentale, Joachim Patinier est un peintre d'histoire. Il réalisa des peintures à l'huile sur panneaux de bois dans le genre pictural majeur qui s’inspire surtout de scènes issues de l’histoire chrétienne popularisée par La Légende dorée de Jacques de Voragine. Son style est caractérisé par l'utilisation fréquente de la perspective atmosphérique qui offre une vision panoramique en plongée. Ses compositions comportent généralement trois plans principaux distincts : un premier plan brun sur lequel sont disposés les figures principales et leurs accessoires ainsi que des éléments minéraux et végétaux (des rochers, des herbes, des fleurs, un arbre ou un arbuste presque mort), un plan moyen à dominante verte où sont représentés avec finesse et précision de nombreux personnages vaquant aux occupations les plus diverses, et un arrière-plan aux reliefs remarquables d'un bleu intense — on parle parfois de « bleu Patinir » —, qui rejoignent un ciel nuageux de même tonalité dans lequel semble surgir un orage menaçant.
Joachim Patinier semble avoir eu recours à divers collaborateurs pour exécuter les figures de premier plan de bon nombre de ses tableaux. La manière de Joachim Patinier fut reprise par bon nombre de peintres de la même génération ou de la suivante, parmi lesquels on peut citer Joos van Cleve, Corneille Metsys, Lucas Gassel, Henri Bles et le Maître des demi-figures féminines. Les emprunts thématiques et stylistiques furent parfois si importants que de nombreuses œuvres de ces continuateurs furent confondues avec celles de Joachim Patinier lui-même.

 

La montagne

Le mont Sinaï ou djebel Moussa (« montagne de Moïse ») est une montagne d'Égypte située dans le sud du Sinaï et culminant à 2 285 mètres d'altitude.
Le mont est surtout célèbre dans le récit biblique pour avoir été le lieu où Moïse rencontra Dieu pour la première fois au buisson ardent (Ex 3,1-4,17) et où il reçut les Dix Commandements (ou Dix Paroles, en Ex 20,1-17) et de nombreuses autres lois pour le peuple hébreu (Exode 19,1-31,18). Plusieurs autres localisations de cet épisode ont été proposées (voir Har Karkom et Sinaï (Bible)).
Le mont Sinaï est situé au Nord-Est de l'Égypte, dans le gouvernorat du Sinaï Sud, au niveau de la pointe sud de la presqu’île du Sinaï, à 50 kilomètres des côtes de la Mer Rouge et d'El-Tor, au sud-ouest, ainsi qu'à 75 kilomètres de Charm el-Cheikh, au sud-sud-est, et 160 kilomètres environ à vol d'oiseau du Caire. Le sommet s'élève à 2 285 mètres d'altitude, à quatre kilomètres au nord-nord-est du mont Sainte-Catherine (2 642 m), point culminant du massif et du pays. Les roches du mont Sinaï sont issues de la phase tardive du bouclier arabo-nubien. Elles sont constituées de granite avec des intrusions de roches volcaniques incluant du porphyre. La montagne s'est soulevée de 140 à 65 millions d’années BP, au cours du Crétacé.Deux chemins principaux mènent au sommet. Le plus long et le moins escarpé s’appelle Siket El Bashait ; il faut environ deux heures et demie à pied pour la gravir mais il est accessible aux chameaux. L’autre itinéraire, appelé Siket Sayidna Musa, passe dans le ravin derrière le monastère et est surnommé la route aux 3 750 « pas de la pénitence ».
Dans un registre spirituel, la montagne est à plusieurs reprises citée par les théologiens sous l’appellation « Sinaï mystique », comme étant un rite d’initiation, consacrant une spiritualité ascendante devant mener à la découverte d’un « moi supérieur » situé en son sommet qui devient alors la symbolique du but à atteindre demeurant au cœur de nombreuses pratiques initiatiques d’inspiration chrétienne, chiite et soufie. 

 

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2023 - Gravir les montagnes en peinture
Un blog de Francis Rousseau   

ISLET DE VERDELET PAINTED BY JOACHIM PATINIER

JOACHIM PATINIER (1483-1524)
Islet de Verdelet (47m -154ft)
France (Côtes d'Armor)

In Saint Jerome in a rocky landscape, oil on wood panel, 1524, Private collection

About the painting
According to experts, it seems that it was the Ilot du Verdelet, about forty kilometers from Dinan (France), that inspired Joachim Patinier to skate the impressive relief of this St Jerome (one of the three paintings on this thme Patinier paintend).  A rock  47m high, which appears on this canvas like if it was at least 2000m ! Only the sea seen in the background of this primitive landscape, allows experts to locate the scene near Dinan and precisely in this Islet of Verdelet.
 

The rock formation
The islet of Verdelet which culminate at 47m (154ft) stands at the tip of Piégu in the town of Pléneuf-Val-André in the Côtes-d'Armor. Thanks to the initiative of a local association for the protection of nature, this islet was transforment in 1973 as an ornithological reserve with a hunting ban.

The painter
Joachim Patinier, also called Patenir or Patinir, was a major Flemish Renaissance painter of history and landscape subjects. He was Flemish, from the area of modern Wallonia, but worked in Antwerp, then the centre of the art market in the Netherlands. Patinier was a pioneer of landscape as an independent genre and he was the first Flemish painter to regard himself primarily as a landscape painter. He effectively invented the world landscape, a distinct style of panoramic northern Renaissance landscapes which is Patinier's important contribution to Western art.
There are only five paintings signed by Patinier, but many other works have been attributed to him or his workshop with varying degrees of probability. The ones that are signed read: (Opus) Joachim D. Patinier, the "D" in his signature signifying Dionantensis ("of Dinant"), reflecting his place of origin. The 2007 exhibition at the Museo del Prado in Madrid contained 21 pictures listed as by Patinier or his workshop, and catalogued a further 8 which were not in the exhibition.
Patinier was the friend of not only Dürer, but with Quentin Metsys as well, with whom he often collaborated. The Temptation of St Anthony (Prado) was done in collaboration with Metsys, who added the figures to Patinier's landscape. His career was nearly contemporary with that of the other major pioneer of paintings dominated by landscape, Albrecht Altdorfer, who worked in a very different style.
Patinier's immense vistas combine observation of naturalistic detail with lyrical fantasy. The steep outcrops of rocks in his landscapes are more spectacular versions of the group of very individual formations just around his native Dinant but also of sacred mountains of the time like the Sainte- Baume ; these became a part of the world landscape formula, and are found in the works of many painters who never saw the originals. His landscapes use a high viewpoint with a high horizon, but his grasp of aerial perspective is far from complete. He uses a consistent and effective colour scheme in his landscapes, which was influential on later landscape painting. The foreground is dominated by brownish shades, while "the middle ground [is] a bluish green and the background a pale blue", creating an effective sense of recession into the distance; "When combined with the frequently hard-toned browns, greens and blues that alternate with significant areas of white, a sense of impending doom is created by the threatening clouds, the capricious and sharply pointed contours of the rocks and the crowding together of natural elements."
Examples of his work include The Rest on the Flight into Egypt (Prado, who have four Patinier, including two signed ones), The Baptism of Christ (one of two in Vienna), St. John at Patmos (by or with his workshop, National Gallery, London), Landscape with the Shepherds (Antwerp), and The Rest on the Flight to Egypt (Museo Nacional del Prado Madrid ; National Gallery of Art, Washington), Saint Mary Magdalene in ecstasy (Kunsthaus, Zürich). There is also a triptych attributed to him called The Penitence of St. Jerome and a Saint Jerome in tthe Wildernbess (Louvre Museum).

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2021 - Wandering Vertexes...
by Francis Rousseau

MONT SINAÏ BY JOACHIM PATINIER

JOACHIM PATINIER (1484-1524) 

Mount Sinaï or Jabal Musa (2,285 m - 7,496ft) 

Egypt

1. In A Rest during the Flight into Egypt, oil on panel, 1515, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin.

The painting

There are several versions of this painting painted by Patinir (or Patinier) during his lifetime and after him, by his studio after his death. and according to Patinir. This blog presents four paintings did in 1515, 1516, 1517 and 1518-1520 by Patinir or his workshop. The theme of the Flight into Egypt wa very popular and inspired many other painters from Fra Angelico's to Giotto.
The mountain landscape in the background is supposed to be that of Mount Sinaï, halfway between Egypt and the kingdom of Herod. Of course, the Flemish painter Joachim Patinir had no chance to know what Mount Sinai could look like ! It is therefore imaginary representations that he gave based of landscapes he could see around the area he was living. At the beginning of the 15th century, the representation of a landscape alone was inconceivable, This is why Patinir had to  place a religious scene in the middle of his landscapes. These figures could  be painted by other artists than him, which interested Patinir being mainly the representation of nature. The landscapes of the Flemish painters of this period have been called "world-landscapes" because the artists seek to place in their painting the maximum of elements representative of the reality of their usual environment - relief, vegetation, buildings, rivers, lakes, characters, animals - and to give an almost unlimited depth to the composition by using the atmospheric perspective.

The mountain 

Mount Sinaï (2,285 m - 7,496ft) or Jabal Mūsā or Gabal Mūsā (in arab  : "Moses' Mountain" or "Mount Moses"), also known as Mount Horeb or Jebel Musa (a similarly named mountain in Morocco), is a mountain in the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt that is a possible location of the biblical Mount Sinai.  The latter is mentioned many times in the Book of Exodus (and other books of the Bible) and the Quran. According to Jewish, Christian, and Islamic tradition, the biblical Mount Sinai was the place where Moses received the Ten Commandments.
Mount Sinai is a moderately high mountain near the city of Saint Katherine in the Sinai region. It is next to Mount Katherine (2,629 m - 8,625 ft), the highest peak in Egypt.
Mount Sinai's rocks were formed in the late stage of the Arabian-Nubian Shield's (ANS) evolution. Mount Sinai displays a ring complex that consists of alkaline granites intruded into diverse rock types, including volcanics. The granites range in composition from syenogranite to alkali feldspar granite. The volcanic rocks are alkaline to peralkaline and they are represented by subaerial flows and eruptions and subvolcanic porphyry. Generally, the nature of the exposed rocks in Mount Sinai indicates that they originated from differing depths.
There are two principal routes to the summit. The longer and shallower route, Siket El Bashait, takes about 2.5 hours on foot, though camels can be used. The steeper, more direct route (Siket Sayidna Musa) is up the 3,750 "steps of penitence" in the ravine behind the monastery.
The summit of the mountain has a mosque that is still used by Muslims. It also has a Greek Orthodox chapel, constructed in 1934 on the ruins of a 16th-century church, that is not open to the public. The chapel encloses the rock which is considered to be the source for the biblical Tablets of Stone. At the summit also is "Moses' cave", where Moses was said to have waited to receive the Ten Commandments.

 The Painter 
Joachim Patinir, also called Patenier was a Flemish Renaissance painter of history and landscape subjects. He was Flemish, from the area of modern Wallonia, but worked in Antwerp, then the centre of the art market in the Low Countries. Patinir was a pioneer of landscape as an independent genre and he was the first Flemish painter to regard himself primarily as a landscape painter. He effectively invented the world landscape, a distinct style of panoramic northern Renaissance landscapes which is Patinir's important contribution to Western art.
There are only five paintings signed by Patinir, but many other works have been attributed to him or his workshop with varying degrees of probability. The ones that are signed read: (Opus) Joachim D. Patinier, the "D" in his signature signifying Dionantensis ("of Dinant"), reflecting his place of origin. The 2007 exhibition at the Museo del Prado in Madrid contained 21 pictures listed as by Patinir or his workshop, and catalogued a further 8 which were not in the exhibition.
Patinir was the friend of not only Dürer, but with Quentin Metsys as well, with whom he often collaborated. The Temptation of St Anthony (Prado) was done in collaboration with Metsys, who added the figures to Patinir's landscape. His career was nearly contemporary with that of the other major pioneer of paintings dominated by landscape, Albrecht Altdorfer, who worked in a very different style. 

THE SAINTE-BAUME PAINTED BY JOACHIM PATINIER

JOACHIM PATINIER (1483-1524)

La Sainte-Baume (1,148m -3,766ft)

 France (Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur)

  1. In The Rest on the flight to Egypt, oil on wood panel, Museo nacional del Prado, Madrid 

2. In Saint Mary Magdalene in ecstasy, "atelier de...", oil on wood panel, Kunsthaus Zürich

The Mountain
The Sainte-Baume massif has two summits, of the same altitude : the Joug de l'Aigle (Eagle Jug) and the Signal des Beguines (1,148m - 3,766ft). The massif also includes on its western flank the highest point of the Bouches-du-Rhône: the Pic de Bertagne (1,042 m - 3,419 ft), a majestic rocky outcrop dominating the western slope of the massif. The Sainte-Baume is a Provençal massif in the South-East of France, which extends between the departments of the Bouches-du-Rhone and the Var on an area of ​​45,000 hectares over 35 kilometers long and 15 kilometers wide and has a 13.3-kilometer-long peak line. It is the most extensive and highest of the Provençal mountain ranges, located about twenty kilometers from the Mediterranean coast, close to cities of Marseille, Aix-en-Provence and Toulon.
The exceptional character of the site is the presence of a developed beech forest preserved for centuries and the cave of Saint Mary Magdalene, a major Christian pilgrimage site in the Middle Ages. In Occitan Provençal, the name Santa Bauma comes from the presence of a cave (bauma / baumo in Provençal), which in the Christian tradition was occupied by Mary Magdalene for thirty years in the first century, after it had landed at the Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer and evangelized Provence.  She was buried in the crypt of the basilica of Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume.
In the pre-Christian era, the Sainte-Baume is already the sacred mountain for the people living in Massilia (nowadays Marseilles): high place of worship of the fecundities, and in particular of the goddess Artemis of Ephesus. Around 60, Lucan, a Latin poet, mentions a certain "sacred wood" near Massilia ... Around 415,  the cave of Mary Magdalene began to be a famous place of pilgrimage and at the same period, Saint Jean Cassien founded a first priory on his return from Egypt.  In 816, Pope Stephen VI, then, in 878, Pope John VIII went there. As on 22 July 1254, the king of France Saint Louis (Louis IX) visited Sainte-Baume on his return from the Crusade. In 1279, Charles II of Anjou, king of Sicily and count of Provence, carried out the excavations and discovered the relics of Mary Magdalene in Saint-Maximin, in a crypt buried under the Benedictine priory dedicated to the saint. A marble tomb is identified as that of Mary Magdalene. In addition, a scroll of parchment explains that the relics were buried at the beginning of the eighth century in order to protect them from the Saracen invasions that raged in the country.  In 1288, after six years of detention in Barcelona, ​​Charles II can implement his project to build a basilica to shelter the relics. Finally, on June 21, 1295, he obtained from Pope Boniface VIII a pontifical bull, which entrusted to the young order of the Dominicans the charge of the holy places: the basilica of Saint-Maximin and the cave of Sainte-Baume. In 1332, on the same day, Philip VI of Valois, King of France, Alfonso IV of Aragon, Hughes of Cyprus, and John of Luxembourg, King of Bohemia, came and pray in the cave. Throughout the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, popes, kings and princes went on pilgrimage to the grotto, one of the most famous in Christendom.
Geologically, the formation of the Sainte-Baume massif has the same origin as the Pyrenean fold. These formations are attributed to the displacement of the Iberian peninsula in relation to the European plate. It begins to detach itself 120 million years ago and begins a vast movement of rotation, then digging the Pyrenean sulcus. 65 million years ago, the movement changed: the Iberian peninsula collided with the European plate, which caused the formation of the Pyrenees. The south-east of France, then propelled northeast of a hundred kilometers, undergoes deformations, one of the most important of which is that of the massif of Sainte-Baume.

About the paintings 
In the paintings presented here, the mountain with houses various constructions, including a circular building with dome, seems freely inspired by the Sainte-Baume in Provence, a site which was from the Middle Ages, for all Christian Europe, an important place of pilgrimage. Evoked in several of Patinier's paintings, the Sainte-Baume becomes the main motif of The Rest on the flight to Egypt  (Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid) and , of course, for the Landscape with Saint Mary Magdalene in ecstasy (Kunsthaus, Zürich).

The painter 
Joachim Patinier, also called Patenir  was a major Flemish Renaissance painter of history and landscape subjects. He was Flemish, from the area of modern Wallonia, but worked in Antwerp, then the centre of the art market in the Netherlands. Patinier was a pioneer of landscape as an independent genre and he was the first Flemish painter to regard himself primarily as a landscape painter.  He effectively invented the world landscape, a distinct style of panoramic northern Renaissance landscapes which is Patinier's important contribution to Western art.
There are only five paintings signed by Patinier, but many other works have been attributed to him or his workshop with varying degrees of probability. The ones that are signed read: (Opus) Joachim D. Patinier, the "D" in his signature signifying Dionantensis ("of Dinant"), reflecting his place of origin. The 2007 exhibition at the Museo del Prado in Madrid contained 21 pictures listed as by Patinier or his workshop, and catalogued a further 8 which were not in the exhibition.
Patinier was the friend of not only Dürer, but with Quentin Metsys as well, with whom he often collaborated. The Temptation of St Anthony (Prado) was done in collaboration with Metsys, who added the figures to Patinier's landscape. His career was nearly contemporary with that of the other major pioneer of paintings dominated by landscape, Albrecht Altdorfer, who worked in a very different style.
Patinier's immense vistas combine observation of naturalistic detail with lyrical fantasy. The steep outcrops of rocks in his landscapes are more spectacular versions of the group of very individual formations just around his native Dinant but also of sacred mountains of the time like the Sainte- Baume ; these became a part of the world landscape formula, and are found in the works of many painters who never saw the originals. His landscapes use a high viewpoint with a high horizon, but his grasp of aerial perspective is far from complete. He uses a consistent and effective colour scheme in his landscapes, which was influential on later landscape painting. The foreground is dominated by brownish shades, while "the middle ground [is] a bluish green and the background a pale blue", creating an effective sense of recession into the distance; "When combined with the frequently hard-toned browns, greens and blues that alternate with significant areas of white, a sense of impending doom is created by the threatening clouds, the capricious and sharply pointed contours of the rocks and the crowding together of natural elements."
Examples of his work include The Rest on the Flight into Egypt (Prado, who have four Patinier, including two signed ones), The Baptism of Christ (one of two in Vienna), St. John at Patmos (by or with his workshop, National Gallery, London), Landscape with the Shepherds (Antwerp), and The Rest on the Flight to Egypt  (Museo Nacional del Prado Madrid ; National Gallery of Art, Washington),  Saint Mary Magdalene in ecstasy (Kunsthaus, Zürich).  There is also a triptych attributed to him called The Penitence of St. Jerome.