JEBEL BOU NACEUR BY EUGENE DELACROIX

EUGENE  DELACROIX  (1798-1863)

Jebel Bou Naceur (3,356 m - 11,010 ft)

Morocco

 In  Album d'Afrique du Nord et d'Espagne - Environs de Meknès, 1832, watercolour on paper 

The mountain 

Jebel Bou Naceur (3,356 m)  or Adrar Bou Nacer, in Morocco is the highest peak of the Middle Eastern  Atlas, located in its very heart. It is covered with neonates during three quarters of the year, but  despite of that is subject to a typical Mediterranean climate.

The cities of Meknes and Fes are the closest from this summit.

The painter 
Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix was a French Romantic artist regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of the French Romantic school. As a painter and muralist, Delacroix's use of expressive brushstrokes and his study of the optical effects of colour profoundly shaped the work of the Impressionists, while his passion for the exotic inspired the artists of the Symbolist movement. A fine lithographer, Delacroix illustrated various works of William Shakespeare, the Scottish author Walter Scott and the German author Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
In contrast to the Neoclassical perfectionism of his chief rival Ingres, Delacroix took for his inspiration the art of Rubens and painters of the Venetian Renaissance, with an attendant emphasis on colour and movement rather than clarity of outline and carefully modeled form. Dramatic and romantic content characterized the central themes of his maturity, and led him not to the classical models of Greek and Roman art, but to travel in North Africa, in search of the exotic. Friend and spiritual heir to Théodore Géricault, Delacroix was also inspired by Lord Byron, with whom he shared a strong identification with the "forces of the sublime", of nature in often violent action.
However, Delacroix was given to neither sentimentality nor bombast, and his Romanticism was that of an individualist. In the words of Baudelaire, "Delacroix was passionately in love with passion, but coldly determined to express passion as clearly as possible."
In 1832, Delacroix traveled to Spain and North Africa, as part of a diplomatic mission to Morocco shortly after the French conquered Algeria. He went not primarily to study art, but to escape from the civilization of Paris, in hopes of seeing a more primitive culture.  He eventually produced over 100 paintings and drawings of scenes from or based on the life of the people of North Africa, and added a new and personal chapter to the interest in Orientalism.  Delacroix was entranced by the people and the costumes, and the trip would inform the subject matter of a great many of his future paintings. He believed that the North Africans, in their attire and their attitudes, provided a visual equivalent to the people of Classical Rome and Greece: "The Greeks and Romans are here at my door, in the Arabs who wrap themselves in a white blanket and look like Cato or Brutus…"
He managed to sketch some women secretly in Algiers, as in the painting Women of Algiers in their Apartment (1834), but generally he encountered difficulty in finding Muslim women to pose for him because of Muslim rules requiring that women be covered. Less problematic was the painting of Jewish women in North Africa, as subjects for the Jewish Wedding in Morocco (1837–41).
While in Tangier, Delacroix made many sketches of the people and the city (see painting above), subjects to which he would return until the end of his life. Animals—the embodiment of romantic passion—were incorporated into paintings such as Arab Horses Fighting in a Stable (1860), The Lion Hunt (of which there exist many versions, painted between 1856 and 1861), and Arab Saddling his Horse (1855).

___________________________________________
2018 - Wandering Vertexes...
by Francis Rousseau 

LA MONTAGNE VERTE PAR EUGENE DELACROIX

EUGENE  DELACROIX (1798-1863)

 La Montagne Verte (1,190 m - 3,901 ft)

France  (Pyrenees)

In  La montagne Verte - montagne par temps sombre, Pyrénées, 1845 

Musée du Louvre Paris. 

The mountain 

La Montagne Verte (1,190 m - 3,901 ft)  is a mountain located between Laruns and the Col d'Aubisque, in the french side of Pyrenees. It is really a mountain of green color! It is a grassy plateau, curled, dotted with barns, as picturesque as easy to find, on foot or by mountain bike, thanks to the abundance of tracks and paths. In spite of its modest altitudes, this stroll in Vallée d'Ossau offers, especially in the spring, splendid views on the high Pyrenees massifs surrounding long for snow.

The painter 
Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix was a French Romantic artist regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of the French Romantic school. As a painter and muralist, Delacroix's use of expressive brushstrokes and his study of the optical effects of colour profoundly shaped the work of the Impressionists, while his passion for the exotic inspired the artists of the Symbolist movement. A fine lithographer, Delacroix illustrated various works of William Shakespeare, the Scottish author Walter Scott and the German author Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
In contrast to the Neoclassical perfectionism of his chief rival Ingres, Delacroix took for his inspiration the art of Rubens and painters of the Venetian Renaissance, with an attendant emphasis on colour and movement rather than clarity of outline and carefully modeled form. Dramatic and romantic content characterized the central themes of his maturity, and led him not to the classical models of Greek and Roman art, but to travel in North Africa, in search of the exotic. Friend and spiritual heir to Théodore Géricault, Delacroix was also inspired by Lord Byron, with whom he shared a strong identification with the "forces of the sublime", of nature in often violent action.
However, Delacroix was given to neither sentimentality nor bombast, and his Romanticism was that of an individualist. In the words of Baudelaire, "Delacroix was passionately in love with passion, but coldly determined to express passion as clearly as possible."
In 1832, Delacroix traveled to Spain and North Africa, as part of a diplomatic mission to Morocco shortly after the French conquered Algeria. He went not primarily to study art, but to escape from the civilization of Paris, in hopes of seeing a more primitive culture.  He eventually produced over 100 paintings and drawings of scenes from or based on the life of the people of North Africa, and added a new and personal chapter to the interest in Orientalism.  Delacroix was entranced by the people and the costumes, and the trip would inform the subject matter of a great many of his future paintings. He believed that the North Africans, in their attire and their attitudes, provided a visual equivalent to the people of Classical Rome and Greece: "The Greeks and Romans are here at my door, in the Arabs who wrap themselves in a white blanket and look like Cato or Brutus…"
He managed to sketch some women secretly in Algiers, as in the painting Women of Algiers in their Apartment (1834), but generally he encountered difficulty in finding Muslim women to pose for him because of Muslim rules requiring that women be covered. Less problematic was the painting of Jewish women in North Africa, as subjects for the Jewish Wedding in Morocco (1837–41).
While in Tangier, Delacroix made many sketches of the people and the city (see painting above), subjects to which he would return until the end of his life. Animals—the embodiment of romantic passion—were incorporated into paintings such as Arab Horses Fighting in a Stable (1860), The Lion Hunt (of which there exist many versions, painted between 1856 and 1861), and Arab Saddling his Horse (1855).

LE MONT CANIGOU PAR EUGÈNE DELACROIX

 

EUGÈNE DELACROIX (1798-1863)
Le Canigou (2,784m - 9,137 ft)
France (Pyrénées)

In Album Pyrénées, 1845, Carnet de dessins et aquarelles, Musée du Louvre, Paris

La montagne
Le Canigou (2,784m - 9,137 ft) est une montagne située dans les Pyrénées-Orientales (sud de la France), au sud de Prades et au nord de Prats-de-Mollo-la-Preste. Son sommet est un quadripoint entre les territoires de Casteil, Taurinya, Valmanya et Vernet-les-Bains. Sa situation le rend visible depuis les plaines du Roussillon et du Conflent en France, ainsi que depuis l'Empordà en Espagne. En raison de ses flancs acérés et de sa situation spectaculaire à proximité de la côte, le Canigou était considéré jusqu'au XVIIIe siècle comme la plus haute montagne des Pyrénées.Deux fois par an, début février et fin octobre, par beau temps, le Canigou peut être aperçu au coucher du soleil jusqu'à Marseille, à 250 km, par réfraction de la lumière. Ce phénomène fut observé en 1808 par le baron Franz Xaver von Zach de la basilique Notre-Dame de la Garde à Marseille. Toute l'année, on l'observe également, par beau temps, depuis Agde, Port-Camargue et la Montagne Noire.La montagne a une signification symbolique pour le peuple catalan. À son sommet se dresse une croix souvent décorée du drapeau catalan. Chaque année, le 23 juin, la veille de la nuit de la Saint Jean, jour du solstice d'été, a lieu une cérémonie appelée Flama del Canigó (Flamme du Canigou), au cours de laquelle un feu est allumé au sommet de la montagne. Les gens veillent pendant la nuit et prennent les torches allumées sur le feu lors d'un spectaculaire relais de flambeaux pour allumer des feux de joie ailleurs. De nombreux feux de joie sont allumés de cette manière dans toutes les Pyrénées-Orientales, en Catalogne, dans la Communauté valencienne et en théorie dans les îles Baléares.

Le peintre
Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix était un artiste romantique français considéré dès le début de sa carrière comme le chef de file de l'école romantique française. L'utilisation par Delacroix de coups de pinceau expressifs et ses études sur les effets optiques de la couleur ont profondément façonné le travail des impressionnistes, alrors que sa passion pour l'exotisme a inspiré les artistes du mouvement symboliste. Fin lithographe, Delacroix a illustré diverses œuvres (William Shakespeare, Walter Scott et Goethe notamment).
Contrairement au perfectionnisme néoclassique de son principal rival Ingres, Delacroix s'est inspiré de l'art de Rubens et des peintres de la Renaissance vénitienne, en mettant l'accent sur la couleur et le mouvement plutôt que sur la clarté des contours et la forme soigneusement modelée. Le contenu dramatique et romantique caractérise les thèmes centraux de sa maturité et le conduit non pas vers les modèles classiques de l'art grec et romain, mais plutôt vers les voyages en Afrique du Nord à la recherche de l'exotisme. Ami et héritier spirituel de Théodore Géricault, Delacroix s'inspire également de Lord Byron, avec qui il partage une forte identification aux « forces du sublime », et aux actions de la nature, souvent violente.
Cependant, Delacroix n'était enclin ni à la sentimentalité ni à l'emphase, et son romantisme était celui d'un individualiste. Selon les mots de Baudelaire : « Delacroix était passionnément amoureux de la passion, mais froidement déterminé à exprimer sa passion le plus clairement possible ».
En 1832, Delacroix se rend en Espagne et en Afrique du Nord, dans le cadre d'une mission diplomatique au Maroc peu après la conquête de l'Algérie par la France. Il n'y est pas allé pour étudier l'art, mais pour échapper au parisianisme dans l'espoir d'approcher une culture plus primitive. Il a produit plus de 100 peintures et dessins de scènes tirées ou basées sur la vie des peuples d'Afrique du Nord, et a ajouté un nouveau chapitre très personnel à l'intérêt général porté alors à l'orientalisme. Delacroix était fasciné par les gens et les costumes, et le voyage allait éclairer le sujet d'un grand nombre de ses futurs tableaux. Il pensait que les Nord-Africains, dans leurs vêtements et leurs attitudes, fournissaient un équivalent visuel aux peuples de la Rome et de la Grèce classiques : « Les Grecs et les Romains sont ici à ma porte, chez les Arabes qui s'enveloppent dans une couverture blanche et regardent comme Caton ou Brutus..."
Il réussit à dessiner secrètement quelques femmes à Alger, comme dans le tableau Femmes d'Alger dans leur appartement (1834), mais il rencontra généralement des difficultés à trouver des femmes musulmanes prêtes à poser pour lui en raison des règles musulmanes exigeant que les femmes soient couvertes. La peinture des femmes juives d’Afrique du Nord, comme sujets du Mariage juif au Maroc (1837-1841), pose moins de problèmes.
À Tanger, Delacroix réalise de nombreux croquis des gens et de la ville, sujets sur lesquels il reviendra jusqu'à la fin de sa vie. Les animaux, incarnation de la passion romantique, ont été incorporés dans des peintures telles que Chevaux arabes se battant dans une écurie (1860), La Chasse au lion (dont il existe de nombreuses versions, peintes entre 1856 et 1861) et Arabe sellant son cheval (1855). .

_________________________________________

2024 - Gravir les montagnes en peinture

CAP SPARTEL PAINTED BY EUGENE DELACROIX

EUGENE  DELACROIX (1798-1863)

Cap Spartel (315 m - 1, 050 ft) 

Morocco

In View of Tangier from the seashore, Oil on canvas, Private Collection  

The mountain 

Cap Spartel (315 m - 1, 050 ft) or Ras Spartel (in Arabic: رأس سبارتيل) is a promontory of the coast of Morocco, located at the southern entrance of the Strait of Gibraltar, 14 kilometers west of Tangier. Facing Cape Spartel, 44 km to the north, Cape Trafalgar marks the northern entrance to the strait on the Spanish coast. Cape Spartel is often mistakenly indicated as the northernmost point of Africa.

The promontory benefits from a strong rainfall favorable to the vegetation. In ancient times Cape Spartel was called Cape Ampelusium, or Cap of Vineyards.  Under the promontory, the waves of the Atlantic Ocean have dug caves, where the inhabitants of the region used to carve millstones. Today, these spectacular "Hercules caves" are a tourist attraction.
On Cape Spartel, 110 meters above sea level, there is a lighthouse, which began operating on October 15, 1864. Its construction was ordered by Sultan Mohammed IV ben Abderrahman at the request of the consular representatives of the European powers alarmed by the Many shipwrecks occurring off the coast. The light from the lighthouse is visible 30 nautical miles (55.6 km).
Off Cape Spartel is the Spartel Bank, a shoal, some of which wanted to make the legendary island of Atlantis.

The painter 
Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix was a French Romantic artist regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of the French Romantic school. As a painter and muralist, Delacroix's use of expressive brushstrokes and his study of the optical effects of colour profoundly shaped the work of the Impressionists, while his passion for the exotic inspired the artists of the Symbolist movement. A fine lithographer, Delacroix illustrated various works of William Shakespeare, the Scottish author Walter Scott and the German author Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
In contrast to the Neoclassical perfectionism of his chief rival Ingres, Delacroix took for his inspiration the art of Rubens and painters of the Venetian Renaissance, with an attendant emphasis on colour and movement rather than clarity of outline and carefully modelled form. Dramatic and romantic content characterized the central themes of his maturity, and led him not to the classical models of Greek and Roman art, but to travel in North Africa, in search of the exotic. Friend and spiritual heir to Théodore Géricault, Delacroix was also inspired by Lord Byron, with whom he shared a strong identification with the "forces of the sublime", of nature in often violent action.

However, Delacroix was given to neither sentimentality nor bombast, and his Romanticism was that of an individualist. In the words of Baudelaire, "Delacroix was passionately in love with passion, but coldly determined to express passion as clearly as possible."
In 1832, Delacroix traveled to Spain and North Africa, as part of a diplomatic mission to Morocco shortly after the French conquered Algeria. He went not primarily to study art, but to escape from the civilization of Paris, in hopes of seeing a more primitive culture.  He eventually produced over 100 paintings and drawings of scenes from or based on the life of the people of North Africa, and added a new and personal chapter to the interest in Orientalism.  Delacroix was entranced by the people and the costumes, and the trip would inform the subject matter of a great many of his future paintings. He believed that the North Africans, in their attire and their attitudes, provided a visual equivalent to the people of Classical Rome and Greece: "The Greeks and Romans are here at my door, in the Arabs who wrap themselves in a white blanket and look like Cato or Brutus…"
He managed to sketch some women secretly in Algiers, as in the painting Women of Algiers in their Apartment (1834), but generally he encountered difficulty in finding Muslim women to pose for him because of Muslim rules requiring that women be covered. Less problematic was the painting of Jewish women in North Africa, as subjects for the Jewish Wedding in Morocco (1837–41).
While in Tangier, Delacroix made many sketches of the people and the city (see painting above), subjects to which he would return until the end of his life. Animals—the embodiment of romantic passion—were incorporated into paintings such as Arab Horses Fighting in a Stable (1860), The Lion Hunt (of which there exist many versions, painted between 1856 and 1861), and Arab Saddling his Horse (1855).

MONTE PERDIDO BY EUGÈNE DELACROIX

 

EUGÈNE  DELACROIX  (1798-1863)

 Monte Perdido / Mont Perdu  (3,355 m -11,007ft)
Spain

In Album Pyrénées 1845, watercolor,  Musée du Louvre, Paris

The mountain
Monte Perdido (3,355 m -11,007ft), Mont Perdu in French, located in Spain, near the French-Spanish border, is the highest summit above sea level on the ridge separating the canyons of Ordesa and Pineta in the Pyrénées. This is the central peak of Tres Hermanas (Spanish) consist of the cylinder Marboré, the Soum de Ramond, and Monte Perdido itself.
Observable from the peaks popular at the time (including the Pic du Midi de Bigorre), Mount Perdido is no longer visible from the French valleys, as located behind the watershed line between France and Spain.
The limestone, rich in fossils are marine sedimentary origin. These sediments occupying a shallow sea were raised during the formation of the Pyrenees there are 40 million years (see article Geology of the Pyrénées).The summit a form of typical pyramidal peak of erosion by glaciers time of glaciation, he is still on the northeast side of the mountain the Monte Perdido glacier.
Ramond Carbonnières, is the firstpersonn to have discover Mount Perdu. Since his first stay in Barèges, in 1787, he was fascinated by the "massive limestone" of Marboré. In 1796, convinced that the nature of the limestone Marboré is "ordinary" Ramond determines an access route to the summit: the Estaubé Valley.

The painter
Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix was a French Romantic artist regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of the French Romantic school. As a painter and muralist, Delacroix's use of expressive brushstrokes and his study of the optical effects of colour profoundly shaped the work of the Impressionists, while his passion for the exotic inspired the artists of the Symbolist movement. A fine lithographer, Delacroix illustrated various works of William Shakespeare, the Scottish author Walter Scott and the German author Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
In contrast to the Neoclassical perfectionism of his chief rival Ingres, Delacroix took for his inspiration the art of Rubens and painters of the Venetian Renaissance, with an attendant emphasis on colour and movement rather than clarity of outline and carefully modeled form. Dramatic and romantic content characterized the central themes of his maturity, and led him not to the classical models of Greek and Roman art, but to travel in North Africa, in search of the exotic. Friend and spiritual heir to Théodore Géricault, Delacroix was also inspired by Lord Byron, with whom he shared a strong identification with the "forces of the sublime", of nature in often violent action.
However, Delacroix was given to neither sentimentality nor bombast, and his Romanticism was that of an individualist. In the words of Baudelaire, "Delacroix was passionately in love with passion, but coldly determined to express passion as clearly as possible."
In 1832, Delacroix traveled to Spain and North Africa, as part of a diplomatic mission to Morocco shortly after the French conquered Algeria. He went not primarily to study art, but to escape from the civilization of Paris, in hopes of seeing a more primitive culture. He eventually produced over 100 paintings and drawings of scenes from or based on the life of the people of North Africa, and added a new and personal chapter to the interest in Orientalism. Delacroix was entranced by the people and the costumes, and the trip would inform the subject matter of a great many of his future paintings. He believed that the North Africans, in their attire and their attitudes, provided a visual equivalent to the people of Classical Rome and Greece: "The Greeks and Romans are here at my door, in the Arabs who wrap themselves in a white blanket and look like Cato or Brutus…"
He managed to sketch some women secretly in Algiers, as in the painting Women of Algiers in their Apartment (1834), but generally he encountered difficulty in finding Muslim women to pose for him because of Muslim rules requiring that women be covered. Less problematic was the painting of Jewish women in North Africa, as subjects for the Jewish Wedding in Morocco (1837–41).
While in Tangier, Delacroix made many sketches of the people and the city (see painting above), subjects to which he would return until the end of his life. Animals—the embodiment of romantic passion—were incorporated into paintings such as Arab Horses Fighting in a Stable (1860), The Lion Hunt (of which there exist many versions, painted between 1856 and 1861), and Arab Saddling his Horse (1855).

___________________________________________
2019 - Wandering Vertexes...
by Francis Rousseau

LES FALAISES D'ÉTRETAT PEINTES PAR EUGÈNE DELACROIX

EUGENE DELACROIX (1798-1863)
Les Falaises d'Etretat (70 à 90 m)
France (Normandie)


In Vue de la plage et des falaises d'Etretat, aquarelle sur traits à la mine de plomb, 15x19 cm,           Musée Fabre, Montpellier

A propos de cette œuvre
Delacroix découvrit les beautés de la côte normande grâce à ses nombreux passages chez son cousin Bataille à Valmont, près de Fécamp. "Séjour de paix et d'oubli du monde entier", cette retraite offrait à l'artiste un lieu idéal pour se reposer de Paris et élaborer ses grandes commandes officielles. Au cours de cette villégiature, il eut à maintes occasions l’opportunité d'admirer le paysage des falaises d'Etretat ; sans doute séduit par cette âpre et grandiose architecture de craie, il devait en donner plusieurs études et aquarelles. Cette vue prise de la porte d'Amont, à marée basse, ne peut être datée avec certitude mais un passage du Journal de l’artiste du 18 octobre 1849 relate une excursion en mer au large de Fécamp et situe, si ce n'est la chronologie de cette œuvre, du moins l'état d'esprit et les sentiments de l'artiste devant ce paysage : « Le sol sous cette arche étonnante, semblait sillonné par les roues des chars et semblait les ruines d'une ville antique. Ce sol est ce blanc calcaire dont les falaises sont entièrement faites. Il y a des parties sur les rocs qui sont d'un brun de terre d'ombre, des parties très vertes et quelques-unes ocreuses. » Explorant la décomposition chromatique du paysage, Delacroix donne ici une aquarelle où palpite la densité de l’air et de l’eau et, avec cette manière très libre d’un dessin pris sur le vif, il témoigne de sa sensibilité pour ces vues de la nature qui annoncent déjà la peinture impressionniste. Ami de l’artiste, le critique Théophile Sylvestre conseilla en 1874 à Alfred Bruyas l’acquisition de cette oeuvre qui lui inspira ces réflexions : « Dans le ciel solitaire, d’une pureté absolue et d’une légèreté sans fonds, on entendrait non seulement l’aile d’une mouette mais le bourdonnement d’un insecte [...]. L’effusion lumineuse n’a même pas de soubresauts tout le long de cette falaise abrupte, dont la croûte terrestre et le gazon rôti semblent à la fois un chaume de cabane et une peau de bête fauve. »

 

Les falaises
Les Falaises d'Etretat  sont constituées d'une stratigraphie complexe de craies du Turonien et du Coniacien. Certaines falaises atteignent 90 mètres. Etretat est surtout connue pour ses falaises de craie, dont trois arches naturelles et une formation pointue appelée L'Aiguille (l'Aiguille), qui s'élève à 70 m au-dessus de la mer et L'Arche. Une rivière souterraine, puis l'érosion marine ont formé une arche naturelle et une aiguille d'une hauteur estimée de 55 mètres à 70 mètres, relique de la falaise. Ses falaises de craie blanche et ses plages de galets grisâtres en ont fait un des lieux du tourisme international avec plus de trois millions de visiteurs par an1, exposé aux même risques que d'autres grands sites mondiaux, avec trois chutes mortelles en 2022. Le tourisme de masse dégradant le site. Des peintres comme Albert Marquet, Gustave Courbet, Eugène Boudin ou encore Claude Monet ont contribué alors à sa publicité, tout en en immortalisant la spécificité. Des écrivains normands comme Maupassant et Gustave Flaubert furent des fidèles du lieu. Maurice Leblanc, qui y vécut, contribua au mythe entourant le site entretenu dans une aventure d'Arsène Lupin intitulée L'Aiguille creuse(1909). Il les décrit en ces termes : « Un énorme gardon, haut de plus de quatre-vingts mètres, obélisque colossal, d'aplomb sur son socle de granit. » A son époque, le site attirait déjà de nombreux touristes parmi eu xdes "lupinophiles" admirateurs d'Arsène Lupin des  étudiants américains venaient chercher la clé de la grotte, où le "gentleman cambrioleur" avait trouvé le trésor des rois de France.

Le peintre
Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix était un artiste romantique français considéré dès le début de sa carrière comme le chef de file de l'école romantique française. L'utilisation par Delacroix de coups de pinceau expressifs et ses études sur les effets optiques de la couleur ont profondément façonné le travail des impressionnistes, alrors que sa passion pour l'exotisme a inspiré les artistes du mouvement symboliste. Fin lithographe, Delacroix a illustré diverses œuvres (William Shakespeare, Walter Scott et  Goethe notamment).
Contrairement au perfectionnisme néoclassique de son principal rival Ingres, Delacroix s'est inspiré de l'art de Rubens et des peintres de la Renaissance vénitienne, en mettant l'accent sur la couleur et le mouvement plutôt que sur la clarté des contours et la forme soigneusement modelée. Le contenu dramatique et romantique caractérise les thèmes centraux de sa maturité et le conduit non pas vers les modèles classiques de l'art grec et romain, mais plutôt vers les voyages en Afrique du Nord à la recherche de l'exotisme. Ami et héritier spirituel de Théodore Géricault, Delacroix s'inspire également de Lord Byron, avec qui il partage une forte identification aux « forces du sublime », et aux actions de la nature, souvent violente.
Cependant, Delacroix n'était enclin ni à la sentimentalité ni à l'emphase, et son romantisme était celui d'un individualiste. Selon les mots de Baudelaire : « Delacroix était passionnément amoureux de la passion, mais froidement déterminé à exprimer sa passion le plus clairement possible ».
En 1832, Delacroix se rend en Espagne et en Afrique du Nord, dans le cadre d'une mission diplomatique au Maroc peu après la conquête de l'Algérie par la France. Il n'y est pas allé pour étudier l'art, mais pour échapper au parisianisme dans l'espoir d'approcher une culture plus primitive. Il a produit plus de 100 peintures et dessins de scènes tirées ou basées sur la vie des peuples d'Afrique du Nord, et a ajouté un nouveau chapitre très personnel à l'intérêt général porté alors à l'orientalisme. Delacroix était fasciné par les gens et les costumes, et le voyage allait éclairer le sujet d'un grand nombre de ses futurs tableaux. Il pensait que les Nord-Africains, dans leurs vêtements et leurs attitudes, fournissaient un équivalent visuel aux peuples de la Rome et de la Grèce classiques : « Les Grecs et les Romains sont ici à ma porte, chez les Arabes qui s'enveloppent dans une couverture blanche et regardent comme Caton ou Brutus..."
Il réussit à dessiner secrètement quelques femmes à Alger, comme dans le tableau Femmes d'Alger dans leur appartement (1834), mais il rencontra généralement des difficultés à trouver des femmes musulmanes prêtes à poser pour lui en raison des règles musulmanes exigeant que les femmes soient couvertes. La peinture des femmes juives d’Afrique du Nord, comme sujets du Mariage juif au Maroc (1837-1841), pose moins de problèmes.
À Tanger, Delacroix réalise de nombreux croquis des gens et de la ville, sujets sur lesquels il reviendra jusqu'à la fin de sa vie. Les animaux, incarnation de la passion romantique, ont été incorporés dans des peintures telles que Chevaux arabes se battant dans une écurie (1860), La Chasse au lion (dont il existe de nombreuses versions, peintes entre 1856 et 1861) et Arabe sellant son cheval (1855). .

_________________________________________

2024 - Wandering Vertexes ....
Gravir les montagnes en peinture
Un blog de Francis Rousseau

RAS SPARTEL BY EUGÈNE DELACROIX

EUGÈNE DELACROIX (1798-1863)

Cap Spartel (315 m - 1, 050 ft) 

Morocco

In  Album d'Afrique du Nord et d'Espagne - La côte d'Afrique vue du détroit de Gibraltar, watercolour, Musée du Louvre, Paris  

The mountain
Cap Spartel (315 m - 1, 050 ft)  or Ras Spartel (رأس سبارتيل) is a promontory of the coast of Morocco, located at the southern entrance of the Strait of Gibraltar, 14 kilometers west of Tangier. Facing Cape Spartel, 44 km to the north, Cape Trafalgar marks the northern entrance to the strait on the Spanish coast. Cape Spartel is often mistakenly indicated as the northernmost point of Africa.
The promontory benefits from a strong rainfall favorable to the vegetation. In ancient times Cape Spartel was called Cape Ampelusium, or Cap of Vineyards. Under the promontory, the waves of the Atlantic Ocean have dug caves, where the inhabitants of the region used to carve millstones. Today, these spectacular "Hercules caves" are a tourist attraction.
On Cape Spartel, 110 meters above sea level, there is a lighthouse, which began operating on October 15, 1864. Its construction was ordered by Sultan Mohammed IV ben Abderrahman at the request of the consular representatives of the European powers alarmed by the Many shipwrecks occurring off the coast. The light from the lighthouse is visible 30 nautical miles (55.6 km).
Off Cape Spartel is the Spartel Bank, a shoal, some of which wanted to make the legendary island of Atlantis.

The painter
Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix was a French Romantic artist regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of the French Romantic school. As a painter and muralist, Delacroix's use of expressive brushstrokes and his study of the optical effects of colour profoundly shaped the work of the Impressionists, while his passion for the exotic inspired the artists of the Symbolist movement. A fine lithographer, Delacroix illustrated various works of William Shakespeare, the Scottish author Walter Scott and the German author Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
In contrast to the Neoclassical perfectionism of his chief rival Ingres, Delacroix took for his inspiration the art of Rubens and painters of the Venetian Renaissance, with an attendant emphasis on colour and movement rather than clarity of outline and carefully modelled form. Dramatic and romantic content characterized the central themes of his maturity, and led him not to the classical models of Greek and Roman art, but to travel in North Africa, in search of the exotic. Friend and spiritual heir to Théodore Géricault, Delacroix was also inspired by Lord Byron, with whom he shared a strong identification with the "forces of the sublime", of nature in often violent action.
However, Delacroix was given to neither sentimentality nor bombast, and his Romanticism was that of an individualist. In the words of Baudelaire:"Delacroix was passionately in love with passion, but coldly determined to express passion as clearly as possible."
In 1832, Delacroix traveled to Spain and North Africa, as part of a diplomatic mission to Morocco shortly after the French conquered Algeria. He went not primarily to study art, but to escape from the civilization of Paris, in hopes of seeing a more primitive culture. He eventually produced over 100 paintings and drawings of scenes from or based on the life of the people of North Africa, and added a new and personal chapter to the interest in Orientalism. Delacroix was entranced by the people and the costumes, and the trip would inform the subject matter of a great many of his future paintings. He believed that the North Africans, in their attire and their attitudes, provided a visual equivalent to the people of Classical Rome and Greece: "The Greeks and Romans are here at my door, in the Arabs who wrap themselves in a white blanket and look like Cato or Brutus…"
He managed to sketch some women secretly in Algiers, as in the painting Women of Algiers in their Apartment (1834), but generally he encountered difficulty in finding Muslim women to pose for him because of Muslim rules requiring that women be covered. Less problematic was the painting of Jewish women in North Africa, as subjects for the Jewish Wedding in Morocco (1837–41).
While in Tangier, Delacroix made many sketches of the people and the city, subjects to which he would return until the end of his life. Animals—the embodiment of romantic passion—were incorporated into paintings such as Arab Horses Fighting in a Stable (1860), The Lion Hunt (of which there exist many versions, painted between 1856 and 1861), and Arab Saddling his Horse (1855).

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2019 - Wandering Vertexes...
by Francis Rousseau

EL MULHACEN PEINT PAR EUGÈNE DELACROIX

 

EUGÈNE DELACROIX (1798-1863)
El Mulhacen (3,479 m)
Espagne (Andalousie)

In "Salobrña", aquarelle sur papier, Musée Delacroix, Paris.

A propos de cette œuvre : 
C'est au cours d'une de ces voyages vers l'Afique du Nord que Delacroix saisit dans son carnet cette aquarelle du Mulhacen que l'on aperçoit ici  dans le lointain derriere le  piton du village de Salobreña  au premier plan qui donne son nom à cette œuvre. 

La montagne
Le mont Mulhacén (3,479 m) est le plus haut sommet de la péninsule Ibérique. Il se trouve dans la province de Grenade, dans le Sud-Est de l'Espagne et fait partie de la sierra Nevada, elle-même rattachée aux cordillères Bétiques. Son nom vient de Muley Hacén (espagnol), ou Mulay (titre honorifique donné en arabe correspondant à « seigneur ») Abû al-Hassan, avant-dernier roi de Grenade au 15e siècle. La légende dit qu'il est enterré au sommet de cette montagne qui reçut son nom. Il est le troisième sommet d'Europe occidentale par sa hauteur, après le mont Blanc (4 808 m) et le volcan  Etna (3 330 m ). Il s'agit de la montagne d'Europe la plus élevée en dehors des Alpes et du Caucase. Le point culminant du territoire espagnol est le volcan Teide (3 715 m) qui se trouve géographiquement sur les îles Canaries et donc en Afrique.  Le Mulhacén  se trouve à la jonction des communes de Trevélez, Güéjar-Sierra et Capileira. Il est visible par temps clair depuis la mer.

Le peintre
Eugène Delacroix est un peintre français considéré comme le principal représentant du romantisme, dont la vigueur correspond à l'étendue de sa carrière. À 40 ans, sa réputation est suffisamment établie pour lui permettre de recevoir d'importantes commandes de l'État. Il peint sur toile et décore les murs et plafonds de monuments publics. Il laisse en outre des gravures et lithographies, plusieurs articles écrits pour des revues et un Journal publié peu après sa mort et plusieurs fois réédité. Remarqué au Salon en 1824, il produit dans les années suivantes des œuvres s'inspirant d'anecdotes historiques ou littéraires aussi bien que d'événements contemporains (La Liberté guidant le peuple) ou d'un voyage au Maghreb (Femmes d'Alger dans leur appartement). Concernant l'aquarelle, c'est en 1816,  que Delacroix rencontre Charles-Raymond Soulier, aquarelliste amateur anglophile élève de Copley Fielding revenu d'Angleterre. Cet ami et Richard Parkes Bonington familiarisent Delacroix avec l'art de l’aquarelle, qui l'éloigne des normes académiques enseignées aux Beaux-Arts. Les Britanniques associent l’aquarelle à la gouache et utilisent divers procédés comme l’emploi des gommes, de vernis et de grattages. Soulier lui enseigne également les rudiments de la langue anglaise. Du 24 avril à la fin août 1825 il voyage en Angleterre. Il découvre le théâtre de Shakespeare  deux ans avant qu'une troupe anglaise se déplace à Paris. Delacroix trouvera des sujets dans le théâtre tout au long de sa carrière : Hamlet et Horatio au cimetière (1839, musée du Louvre) et Hamlet et Horatio devant les fossoyeurs avec la tête de mort (1843, château-musée de Nemours).  Ces sujets se mêleront jusqu’à sa mort aux thèmes orientaux, littéraires, historiques ou religieux. À partir de ce voyage, la technique de l'aquarelle acquiert une importance dans son œuvre. Elle lui sera d'une grande aide lors de son voyage en Afrique du Nord, pour pouvoir en restituer toutes les couleurs.

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2023 - Wandering Vertexes ....
Errant au-dessus des Sommets Silencieux...
Un blog de Francis Rousseau

LE SIGNAL DE LA SAUVETTE PEINT PAR HENRI EDMOND CROSS

HENRI EDMOND CROSS (1856-1910)
Le Signal de la Sauvette (775m)
France (Var)

In Le Signal de la Sauvette - Chaîne-des-Maures, huile sur toile, 1891, Fondation Bemberg

 

La montagne
Le Signal de la Sauvette (775 m) est le point culminant du massif des Maures, situé dans le Sud-Est de la France, dans le département du Var, en région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur.
Le massif des Maures (-lei Mauras selon la norme classique ou lei Mauro selon la norme mistralienne) est une petite chaîne de montagnes du sud de la France, située entre Hyères et Fréjus. C'est une des régions naturelles de France. Certains historiens croyaient que l'élément Maures se réfèrerait à la présence sarrasine au nord des Pyrénées, aux 8e et 9e siècles. Cependant la forme latine initiale devrait être *Montem Maurorum « montagne des Maures », en outre la montagne est qualifiée régulièrement de la Maura « la Maure », c'est-à-dire au féminin singulier, jusque tardivement.

Le peintre
Henri-Edmond Cross, pseudonyme d'Henri Edmond Joseph Delacroix, est un peintre et lithographe français, représentatif de la peinture pointilliste et  proche du mouvement libertaire. Henri Edmond Joseph Delacroix naît à Douai, où sa famille tient une quincaillerie. Le cousin de son père lui découvre du talent dès son enfance et devient son mentor. Il fait son apprentissage à Lille auprès de Carolus-Duran et d'Alphonse Colas. Il débute au Salon de 1881 en traduisant son patronyme « Delacroix » en anglais « Cross », pour se distinguer d'Eugène Delacroix, sur une idée de son ami le peintre François Bonvin. D'abord naturaliste, Henri-Edmond Cross se lie d'amitié avec les peintres néo-impressionnistes, dont il partage les convictions anarchistes. À partir de 1896, il collabore aux Temps nouveaux de Jean Graveen lui offrant dessins et lithographies (le premier dessin, L’Errant, n’était pas signé), ainsi que des aquarelles pour les tombolas de soutien au journal et à ses publications. Il illustre d'une lithographie le roman de John-Antoine Nau, La Gennia, roman spirite hétérodoxe. Suivent deux lithographies en couleurs, l'une paraît chez Ambroise Vollard (La Promenade, 1897), puis dans la revue Pan (Les Champs-Élysées, 1898). Il est particulièrement lié à Charles Angrand, Maximilien Luce (qui fit son portrait) et Théo van Rysselberghe. Il n'adopte le divisionnisme qu'en 1891 avec son ami Paul Signac, peu avant la mort de Georges Seurat. Il passe chaque été en Provence à partir de 1883 avant de s'installer définitivement à Saint-Clair dans le Var en 1891. Inspiré par la lumière méditerranéenne, comme nombre de ses pairs, il peint des paysages sur les côtes provençales et dans l'arrière pays. Il représente aussi le travail des paysans à travers des scènes de genre.

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2023 - Gravir les montagnes en peinture
Wandering Vertexes ....
Un blog de Francis Rousseau

GUNUNG MERAPI (4) PAINTED BY RADEN SALEH

 

RADEN SALEH (1811-1880)

Gunung Merapi or Mount Merapi (2,914m - 9,500 ft)

Indonesia (Java)

In Merapi-Eruption by Day, 1865, Oil on canvas, National Gallery Singapore

About the painting
The Merapi volcano is one of the most active in Indonesia and the ring of fire on which it is located. Its silhouette changes constantly, because its lava dome explodes regularly and changes its contours. The Merapi volcano is constantly erupting and counts in its very ancient history certain major eruptions which have modified the climate of the planet, and a cataclysmic eruption which almost exterminated the human species.


The mountain
Mount Merapi or Gunung Merapi (2,914m - 9,500 ft) is an active stratovolcano located on the border between Central Java and Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It is the most active volcano in Indonesia and has erupted regularly since 1548. It is located approximately 28 kilometres (17 mi) north of Yogyakarta city which has a population of 2.4 million, and thousands of people live on the flanks of the volcano, with villages as high as 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) above sea level.
Smoke can often be seen emerging from the mountaintop, and several eruptions have caused fatalities. Pyroclastic flow from a large explosion killed 27 people on 22 November 1994, mostly in the town of Muntilan, west of the volcano.Another large eruption occurred in 2006, shortly before the Yogyakarta earthquake. In light of the hazards that Merapi poses to populated areas, it has been designated as one of the Decade Volcanoes.
More about  Gunung Merapi....


The painter
Raden Saleh Sjarif Boestaman was a pioneering Indonesian Romantic painter of Arab-Javanese ethnicity. He was considered to be the first "modern" artist from Indonesia (then Dutch East Indies), and his paintings corresponded with nineteenth-century romanticism which was popular in Europe at the time. He also expressed his cultural roots and inventiveness in his work.
Raden Saleh Sjarif Boestaman was born in 1811 in Semarang on the island of Java into a noble Hadhrami family where his father was Sayyid Husen bin Alwi bin Awal bin Yahya, an Indonesian of Arab descent.
Young Raden Saleh was first taught in Bogor by the Belgian artist A.J. Payen. Payen acknowledged the youth's talent, and persuaded the colonial government of the Netherlands to send Raden Saleh to the Netherlands to study art. He arrived in Europe in 1829 and began to study under Cornelius Kruseman and Andreas Schelfhout. From Schelfhout, Raden Saleh furthered his skills as a landscape painter.
During his stay in Paris, Saleh met Horace Vernet whose painting frequently took themes of African wildlife. Compared to Vernet, Saleh's painting seems to be more influenced by the romantic painter Eugène Delacroix. This could be seen in one of Saleh's work, Hunting Lion, 1840, which has similar composition to Delacroix's La Liberté guidant le peuple. However, Werner Kraus, a researcher in the Southeast-Asian Art Center of Passau, German, said that Saleh "never mentioned Delacroix. Perhaps he saw Delacroix's, and possibly Vernet's, works during an exhibition."
While in Europe, in 1836 Saleh became the first indigenous Indonesian to be initiated into Freemasonry. From 1839, he spent five years at the court of Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, who became an important patron.
Raden Saleh visited several European cities. Many of his paintings were exhibited at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. Several of his paintings were destroyed when the Colonial Dutch pavilion in Paris was burnt in 1931.
Raden Saleh returned to Dutch East Indies in 1852 after living in Europe for 20 years. He worked as conservator for the colonial collection of government art and continued painting portraits of the Javanese aristocracy, and many more landscape paintings.

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2020 - Wandering Vertexes
Un blog de Francis Rousseau

DIENG VOLCANIC COMPLEX PAINTED BY RADEN SALEH

RADEN SALEH (1811-1880)

Dieng Volcanic Complex (2,565m -8,415ft) 

Indonesia, Java 

In Dieng Mountain, 1862, oil on canvas,  Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam

The mountain

Dieng Volcanic Complex (2,565m -8,415ft)  is on the Dieng Plateau, a marshy plateau that forms the floor of a caldera complex near Wonosobo, Central Java, Indonesia. Referred to as "Dieng" by Indonesians, it sits at 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level, far from major population centres. The name "Dieng" comes from Di Hyang which means "Above of the Gods". 

The volcanic complex consists of two stratovolcanoes with more than 20 small craters and Pleistocene-to-Holocene age volcanic cones. It covers over 6 × 14 km area. The Prahu stratovolcano was truncated by a large Pleistocene caldera and then filled by parasitic cones, lava domes and craters. Some of them are turned into lakes. Toxic volcanic gas has caused fatalities and is a hazard at several craters. On 20 February 1979, 149 people died of gas poisoning in Pekisaran village on the plateau near the Sinila crater. The area is also a major geothermal project.

Part of General Sudirman's guerrilla campaign during the Indonesian War of Independence took place in the area.

The painter 

Raden Saleh Sjarif Boestaman was a pioneering Indonesian Romantic painter of Arab-Javanese ethnicity.  He was considered to be the first "modern" artist from Indonesia (then Dutch East Indies), and his paintings corresponded with nineteenth-century romanticism which was popular in Europe at the time. He also expressed his cultural roots and inventiveness in his work.

Raden Saleh Sjarif Boestaman was born in 1811 in Semarang on the island of Java into a noble Hadhrami family where his father was Sayyid Husen bin Alwi bin Awal bin Yahya, an Indonesian of Arab descent. 

Young Raden Saleh was first taught in Bogor by the Belgian artist A.J. Payen. Payen acknowledged the youth's talent, and persuaded the colonial government of the Netherlands to send Raden Saleh to the Netherlands to study art.  He arrived in Europe in 1829 and began to study under Cornelius Kruseman and Andreas Schelfhout. From Schelfhout, Raden Saleh furthered his skills as a landscape painter. 

During his stay in Paris, Saleh met Horace Vernet whose painting frequently took themes of African wildlife. Compared to Vernet, Saleh's painting seems to be more influenced by the romantic painter Eugène Delacroix. This could be seen in one of Saleh's work, Hunting Lion, 1840, which has similar composition to Delacroix's La Liberté guidant le peuple. However, Werner Kraus, a researcher in the Southeast-Asian Art Center of Passau, German, said that Saleh "never mentioned Delacroix. Perhaps he saw Delacroix's, and possibly Vernet's, works during an exhibition."

While in Europe, in 1836 Saleh became the first indigenous Indonesian to be initiated into Freemasonry. From 1839, he spent five years at the court of Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, who became an important patron.

Raden Saleh returned to Dutch East Indies in 1852 after living in Europe for 20 years.  He worked as conservator for the colonial collection of government art and continued painting portraits of the Javanese aristocracy, and many more landscape paintings. 

Raden Saleh visited several European cities.  Many of his paintings were exhibited at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. Several of his paintings were destroyed when the Colonial Dutch pavilion in Paris was burnt in 1931.

Source:

- Raden Saleh: The Romantic Aristocrat

GUNUNG MERAPI PAINTED BY RADEN SALEH

SALEH (1811-1880) 

 Gunung Merapi or Mount Merapi (2,914m - 9,500 ft)

Indonesia (Java) 

  1. Gunung MerapiDuring the1865 eruption
2. Gurnung Merbabu and  Gunung Merapi

The mountain 

Mount Merapi or Gunung Merapi (2,914m - 9,500 ft)  is an active stratovolcano located on the border between Central Java and Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It is the most active volcano in Indonesia and has erupted regularly since 1548. It is located approximately 28 kilometres (17 mi) north of Yogyakarta city which has a population of 2.4 million, and thousands of people live on the flanks of the volcano, with villages as high as 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) above sea level.

Smoke can often be seen emerging from the mountaintop, and several eruptions have caused fatalities. Pyroclastic flow from a large explosion killed 27 people on 22 November 1994, mostly in the town of Muntilan, west of the volcano.Another large eruption occurred in 2006, shortly before the Yogyakarta earthquake. In light of the hazards that Merapi poses to populated areas, it has been designated as one of the Decade Volcanoes.

On 25 October 2010 the Indonesian government raised the alert for Mount Merapi to its highest level and warned villagers in threatened areas to move to safer ground. People living within a 20 km (12 mi) zone were told to evacuate. Officials said about 500 volcanic earthquakes had been recorded on the mountain over the weekend of 23–24 October, and that the magma had risen to about 1 kilometre (3,300 ft) below the surface due to the seismic activity. On the afternoon of 25 October 2010 Mount Merapi erupted lava from its southern and southeastern slopes.

The mountain was still erupting on 30 November 2010, but due to lowered eruptive activity on 3 December 2010 the official alert status was reduced to level 3. The volcano is now 2930 metres high, 38 metres lower than before the 2010 eruptions.

After a large eruption in 2010 the characteristic of Mount Merapi was changed. On 18 November 2013 Mount Merapi burst smoke up to 2,000 meters high, one of its first major phreatic eruptions after the 2010 eruption. Researchers said that this eruption occurred due to combined effect of hot volcanic gases and abundant rainfall.

In 2004 an area of 6,410 hectares around Mount Merapi was established as a national park. The decision of the Ministry of Forestry to declare the park has been subsequently challenged in court by The Indonesian Forum for Environment, on grounds of lack of consultation with local residents. During the 2006 eruption of the volcano it was reported that many residents were reluctant to leave because they feared their residences would be confiscated for expansion of the national park, meaning they wouldn't have a house.

Mythology

Merapi is very important to Javanese, especially those living around its crater. As such, there are many myths and beliefs attached to Merapi. It is believed that when the gods had just created the Earth, Java was unbalanced because of the placement of Mount Jamurdipo on the west end of the island. In order to assure balance, the gods (generally represented by Batara Guru) ordered the mountain to be moved to the centre of Java. However, two armourers, Empu Rama and Empu Permadi, were already forging a sacred keris at the site where Mount Jamurdipo was to be moved. The gods warned them that they would be moving a mountain there, and that they should leave; Empu Rama and Empu Permadi ignored that warning. In anger, the gods buried Empu Rama and Empu Permadi under Mount Jamurdipo; their spirits later became the rulers of all mystical beings in the area. In memory of them, Mount Jamurdipo was later renamed Mount Merapi, which means "fire of Rama and Permadi.

The Javanese believe that the Earth is not only populated by human beings, but also by spirits (makhluk halus). Villages near Merapi believe that one of the palaces (in Javanese kraton) used by the rulers of the spirit kingdom lies inside Merapi, ruled by Empu Rama and Empu Permadi. This palace is said to be a spiritual counterpart to the Yogyakarta Sultanate, complete with roads, soldiers, princes, vehicles, and domesticated animals. Besides the rulers, the palace is said to also be populated by the spirits of ancestors who died as righteous people. The spirits of these ancestors are said to live in the palace as royal servants (abdi dalem), occasionally visiting their descendants in dreams to give prophecies or warnings. "

Spirits of Merapi

To keep the volcano quiet and to appease the spirits of the mountain, the Javanese regularly bring offerings on the anniversary of the sultan of Yogyakarta's coronation. For Yogyakarta Sultanate, Merapi holds significant cosmological symbolism, because it is forming a sacred north-south axis line between Merapi peak and Southern Ocean (Indian Ocean). The sacred axis is signified by Merapi peak in the north, the Tugu Yogyakarta (id) monument near Yogyakarta main train station, the axis runs along Malioboro street to Northern Alun-alun (square) across Keraton Yogyakarta (sultan palace), Southern Alun-alun, all the way to Bantul and finally reach Samas and Parangkusumo beach on the estuary of Opak river and Southern Ocean. This sacred axis connected the hyangs or spirits of mountain revered since ancient times—often identified as "Mbah Petruk" by Javanese people—The Sultan of Yogyakarta as the leader of the Javanese kingdom, and Nyi Roro Kidul as the queen of the Southern Ocean, the female ocean deity revered by Javanese people and also mythical consort of Javanese kings.

The painter 

Raden Saleh Sjarif Boestaman was a pioneering Indonesian Romantic painter of Arab-Javanese ethnicity.  He was considered to be the first "modern" artist from Indonesia (then Dutch East Indies), and his paintings corresponded with nineteenth-century romanticism which was popular in Europe at the time. He also expressed his cultural roots and inventiveness in his work.

Raden Saleh Sjarif Boestaman was born in 1811 in Semarang on the island of Java into a noble Hadhrami family where his father was Sayyid Husen bin Alwi bin Awal bin Yahya, an Indonesian of Arab descent. 

Young Raden Saleh was first taught in Bogor by the Belgian artist A.J. Payen. Payen acknowledged the youth's talent, and persuaded the colonial government of the Netherlands to send Raden Saleh to the Netherlands to study art.  He arrived in Europe in 1829 and began to study under Cornelius Kruseman and Andreas Schelfhout. From Schelfhout, Raden Saleh furthered his skills as a landscape painter. 

During his stay in Paris, Saleh met Horace Vernet whose painting frequently took themes of African wildlife. Compared to Vernet, Saleh's painting seems to be more influenced by the romantic painter Eugène Delacroix. This could be seen in one of Saleh's work, Hunting Lion, 1840, which has similar composition to Delacroix's La Liberté guidant le peuple. However, Werner Kraus, a researcher in the Southeast-Asian Art Center of Passau, German, said that Saleh "never mentioned Delacroix. Perhaps he saw Delacroix's, and possibly Vernet's, works during an exhibition."

While in Europe, in 1836 Saleh became the first indigenous Indonesian to be initiated into Freemasonry. From 1839, he spent five years at the court of Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, who became an important patron.

Raden Saleh visited several European cities.  Many of his paintings were exhibited at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. Several of his paintings were destroyed when the Colonial Dutch pavilion in Paris was burnt in 1931.

Raden Saleh returned to Dutch East Indies in 1852 after living in Europe for 20 years.  He worked as conservator for the colonial collection of government art and continued painting portraits of the Javanese aristocracy, and many more landscape paintings. 

CERRO ESCORIAL (2) PAINTED BY PEDRO LIRA

 

PEDRO LIRA (1845-1912)

Cerro Escorial (5,451 m - 17, 884 ft)

Chile - Argentina border

In Paisaje con cordillera y vacunos, oil on canvas, 1899

The mountain
Cerro Escorial (5,451 m - 17, 884 ft) is a stratovolcano at the border of Argentina and Chile. It is part of the Corrida de Cori volcanic group and its youngest member. A well-preserved 1-kilometre-wide (0.6 mi) crater forms its summit area. Lava flows are found on the Chilean and smaller ones on the Argentinian side, the former reaching as far as 3–4 kilometres (1.9–2.5 mi) from the volcano. One of these is dated 342,000 years ago by argon-argon dating.
A Plinian eruption on Escorial was the source of the dacitic Escorial ignimbrite. Pulsed changes in the magma supply during the eruption generated a radial ignimbrite structure which was deposited in various flows. The source magma underwent significant crustal contamination and contains quartz veins, indicating that the ignimbrite interacted with a buried hydrothermal system. Lithic clasts including basement material are also present. The ignimbrite has a volume of about 0.6 cubic kilometres (0.14 cu mi) and was erupted 460,000±10,000 years ago.
A sulfur mine lies 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) southwest of Escorial. Mining ceased about 1983.

The painter 
Pedro Francisco Lira Rencoret known as Pedro Lira  was a Chilean painter and art critic,  best known for his eclectic portraits of women ans a few landscapes.
He lived in France from 1873 to 1884 and was influenced by Eugène Delacroix, many of whose paintings he copied. Later, he received an "honorable mention" at the Salon, where little recognition was generally given to Latin American artists. But, despite his successes, he decided to return to Chile, as the time appeared ripe to create an artistic milieu comparable to that in Paris.
Soon after his arrival, he organized the first exposition devoted exclusively to Chilean painters. Together with the sculptor José Miguel Blanco, he founded the "Unión Artística", an organization devoted to promoting more exhibitions and, ultimately, creating the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes de Chile, which was originally located on the second floor of the National Congress Building. He also created a Salon, similar to the one in Paris, and helped establish a museum in the Quinta Normal, where expositions were held until 1910.
In 1892, he was appointed Director of the "Escuela de Bellas Artes", a position he held until his death. While there, he was a mentor for promising new artists. Among the best known painters whose careers he supported are Pablo Burchard, Pedro Reszka Moreau and Celia Castro, the first Chilean woman to become a notable artist. He also compiled Chile's first "Biographical Dictionary of Painters" and translated Hippolyte Taine's Philosophy of Art. Several historical paintings of his have been used on Chilean banknotes.

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2019 - Wandering Vertexes...
by Francis Rousseau

MONTAGNE SAINTE VICTOIRE BY AUGUSTE RENOIR

PIERRE-AUGUSTE RENOIR  (1841-1919)

 Mount of Sainte-Victoire (1, 011 m - 3, 316ft)

France (Provence) 

In La Montagne Sainte Victoire, ca.1888-89, oil on canvas,  (53x64,1cm) 

Yale University Art Gallery 

The mountain

Mont Sainte-Victoire our Montagne Sainte-Victoire (1,011 m-3,316ft)  also called Mont Venturi is a limestone massif in the South of France, in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. Located east of Aix-en-Provence, it has experienced international fame, due to the more than 80 works Paul Cézanne did on it. It hosts many hikers, climbers and nature lovers, and is a major element of Aix landscape. The range of the Sainte-Victoire is 18 kilometers long and 5 kilometers from large, following a strict east-west orientation. It is located on the Bouches-du-Rhône and Var, and in the towns of Puyloubier, Saint-Antonin-sur-Bayon, Rousset, Châteauneuf-le-Rouge, Beaurecueil, Le Tholonet Vauvenargues, Saint-Marc-Jaumegarde, Pourrières, Artigues and Rians.

D 10 and D 17 (Route Cézanne) are the main roads to skirt the mountains. On the northern side, the D10 crosses the Col de Claps (530 m) and the Col des Portes (631 m). On the southern side, the D 17 walks on the Plateau de Cengle and crossed the Collet blanc de Subéroque (505 m)...

- More about Mount of Sainte Victoire 

The painter 
 Pierre-Auguste Renoir, commonly known as Auguste Renoir  was a French artist who was a leading painter in the development of the Impressionist style.
Renoir's paintings are notable for their vibrant light and saturated color, most often focusing on people in intimate and candid compositions. The female nude was one of his primary subjects. In characteristic Impressionist style, Renoir suggested the details of a scene through freely brushed touches of color, so that his figures softly fuse with one another and their surroundings.
His initial paintings show the influence of the colorism of Eugène Delacroix and the luminosity of Camille Corot. He also admired the realism of Gustave Courbet and Édouard Manet, and his early work resembles theirs in his use of black as a color. Renoir admired Edgar Degas' sense of movement. Another painter Renoir greatly admired was the 18th-century master François Boucher.
In the late 1860s, through the practice of painting light and water en plein air (outdoors), he and his friend Claude Monet discovered that the color of shadows is not brown or black, but the reflected color of the objects surrounding them, an effect known today as diffuse reflection. Several pairs of paintings exist in which Renoir and Monet worked side-by-side, depicting the same scenes (La Grenouillère, 1869). He rarely painted landscapes without silhouettes like the Mount Sainte Victoire above, probably done as a tribute to Paul Cézanne.
One of the best known Impressionist works is Renoir's 1876 Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette (Bal du moulin de la Galette). The painting depicts an open-air scene, crowded with people at a popular dance garden on the Butte Montmartre close to where he lived. The works of his early maturity were typically Impressionist snapshots of real life, full of sparkling color and light. By the mid-1880s, however, he had broken with the movement to apply a more disciplined formal technique to portraits and figure paintings, particularly of women. It was a trip to Italy in 1881 when he saw works by Raphael and other Renaissance masters, that convinced him that he was on the wrong path, and for the next several years he painted in a more severe style in an attempt to return to classicism. Concentrating on his drawing and emphasizing the outlines of figures, he painted works such as The Large Bathers (1884–87; Philadelphia Museum of Art) during what is sometimes called his "Ingres period".
After 1890 he changed direction again. To dissolve outlines, as in his earlier work, he returned to thinly brushed color. From this period onward he concentrated on monumental nudes and domestic scenes, fine examples of which are Girls at the Piano, 1892, and Grandes Baigneuses, 1887. The latter painting is the most typical and successful of Renoir's late, abundantly fleshed nudes.
A prolific artist, he created several thousand paintings. The warm sensuality of Renoir's style made his paintings some of the most well-known and frequently reproduced works in the history of art. The single largest collection of his works—181 paintings in all—is at the Barnes Foundation, in Philadelphia.
He was the father of actor Pierre Renoir (1885–1952), filmmaker Jean Renoir (1894–1979) and ceramic artist Claude Renoir (1901–1969). He was the grandfather of the filmmaker Claude Renoir (1913–1993), son of Pierre.

MOUNT VESUVIUS PAINTED BY AUGUSTE RENOIR

PIERRE-AUGUSTE RENOIR (1841-1919)

Mount Vesuvius (1, 281m - 4,203 ft current)

Italy

In The Bay of Naples (1881), Oil on canvas, 59.7 x 81.3 cm. 

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

The mountain
Mount Vesuvius (1,281 meters- 4,203 ft current) is one of those legendary and mythic mountains the Earth paid regularly tribute. Monte Vesuvio in Italian modern langage or Mons Vesuvius in antique Latin langage is a stratovolcano in the Gulf of Naples (Italy) about 9 km (5.6 mi) east of Naples and a short distance from the shore.
It is one of several volcanoes which form the Campanian volcanic arc. Vesuvius consists of a large cone partially encircled by the steep rim of a summit caldera caused by the collapse of an earlier and originally much higher structure.
Mount Vesuvius is best known for its eruption in AD 79 that led to the burying and destruction of the Roman antique cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and several other settlements. That eruption ejected a cloud of stones, ash, and fumes to a height of 33 km (20.5 mi), spewing molten rock and pulverized pumice at the rate of 1.5 million tons per second, ultimately releasing a hundred thousand times the thermal energy released by the Hiroshima bombing. At least 1,000 people died in the eruption. The only surviving eyewitness account of the event consists of two letters by Pliny the Younger to the historian Tacitus.
Vesuvius has erupted many times since and is the only volcano on the European mainland to have erupted within the last hundred years. Nowadays, it is regarded as one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world because of the population of 3,000,000 people living nearby and its tendency towards explosive eruptions (said Plinian eruptions). It is the most densely populated volcanic region in the world.

The painter
Pierre-Auguste Renoir, commonly known as Auguste Renoir was a French artist who was a leading painter in the development of the Impressionist style. Renoir's paintings are notable for their vibrant light and saturated color, most often focusing on people in intimate and candid compositions. The female nude was one of his primary subjects. In characteristic Impressionist style, Renoir suggested the details of a scene through freely brushed touches of color, so that his figures softly fuse with one another and their surroundings.
His initial paintings show the influence of the colorism of Eugène Delacroix and the luminosity of Camille Corot. He also admired the realism of Gustave Courbet and Édouard Manet, and his early work resembles theirs in his use of black as a color. Renoir admired Edgar Degas' sense of movement. Another painter Renoir greatly admired was the 18th-century master François Boucher.
In the late 1860s, through the practice of painting light and water en plein air (outdoors), he and his friend Claude Monet discovered that the color of shadows is not brown or black, but the reflected color of the objects surrounding them, an effect known today as diffuse reflection. Several pairs of paintings exist in which Renoir and Monet worked side-by-side, depicting the same scenes (La Grenouillère, 1869).

 He very rarely painted mountains landscapes like the Mount Sainte Victoire ( a tribute to Cezanne) or the Mount Vesuvius (above).
The works of his early maturity were typically Impressionist snapshots of real life, full of sparkling color and light. By the mid-1880s, however, he had broken with the movement to apply a more disciplined formal technique to portraits and figure paintings, particularly of women. It was a trip to Italy in 1881 when he saw works by Raphael and other Renaissance masters, that convinced him that he was on the wrong path, and for the next several years he painted in a more severe style in an attempt to return to classicism.
After 1890 he changed direction again. To dissolve outlines, as in his earlier work, he returned to thinly brushed color. From this period onward he concentrated on monumental nudes and domestic scenes, fine examples of which are Girls at the Piano, 1892, and Grandes Baigneuses, 1887. The latter painting is the most typical and successful of Renoir's late, abundantly fleshed nudes.
A prolific artist, he created several thousand paintings. The warm sensuality of Renoir's style made his paintings some of the most well-known and frequently reproduced works in the history of art. The single largest collection of his works—181 paintings in all—is at the Barnes Foundation, in Philadelphia.
He was the father of actor Pierre Renoir (1885–1952), filmmaker Jean Renoir (1894–1979) and ceramic artist Claude Renoir (1901–1969). He was the grandfather of the filmmaker Claude Renoir (1913–1993), son of Pierre.

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2019 - Wandering Vertexes...

by Francis Rousseau 

CERRO ESCORIAL BY PEDRO LIRA

 PEDRO LIRA (1845-1912) 

Cerro Escorial  (5,451m - 17, 884ft)

Argentina / Chile border

 In  Paisaje Cordillerano, oil on canvas, Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes de Chile   

The mountain 
Cerro Escorial  (5,451m - 17, 884ft) is a stratovolcano at the border of Argentina and Chile. It is part of the Corrida de Cori volcanic group and its youngest member. A well-preserved 1-kilometre-wide (0.6 mi) crater forms its summit area. Lava flows are found on the Chilean and smaller ones on the Argentinian side, the former reaching as far as 3–4 kilometres (1.9–2.5 mi) from the volcano. One of these is dated 342,000 years ago by argon-argon dating.
A Plinian eruption on Escorial was the source of the dacitic Escorial ignimbrite.  Pulsed changes in the magma supply during the eruption generated a radial ignimbrite structure which was deposited in various flows. The source magma underwent significant crustal contamination and contains quartz veins, indicating that the ignimbrite interacted with a buried hydrothermal system. Lithic clasts including basement material are also present. The ignimbrite has a volume of about 0.6 cubic kilometres (0.14 cu mi) and was erupted 460,000±10,000 years ago.
A sulfur mine lies 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) southwest of Escorial. Mining ceased about 1983.

The painter 
Pedro Francisco Lira Rencoret known as Pedro Lira  was a Chilean painter and art critic,  best known for his eclectic portraits of women ans a few landscapes.
He lived in France from 1873 to 1884 and was influenced by Eugène Delacroix, many of whose paintings he copied. Later, he received an "honorable mention" at the Salon, where little recognition was generally given to Latin American artists. But, despite his successes, he decided to return to Chile, as the time appeared ripe to create an artistic milieu comparable to that in Paris.
Soon after his arrival, he organized the first exposition devoted exclusively to Chilean painters. Together with the sculptor José Miguel Blanco, he founded the "Unión Artística", an organization devoted to promoting more exhibitions and, ultimately, creating the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes de Chile, which was originally located on the second floor of the National Congress Building. He also created a Salon, similar to the one in Paris, and helped establish a museum in the Quinta Normal, where expositions were held until 1910.
In 1892, he was appointed Director of the "Escuela de Bellas Artes", a position he held until his death. While there, he was a mentor for promising new artists. Among the best known painters whose careers he supported are Pablo Burchard, Pedro Reszka Moreau and Celia Castro, the first Chilean woman to become a notable artist. He also compiled Chile's first "Biographical Dictionary of Painters" and translated Hippolyte Taine's Philosophy of Art. Several historical paintings of his have been used on Chilean banknotes.

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2019 - Wandering Vertexes...

by Francis Rousseau