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Monday, May 6, 2024

CAP CANAILLE (2) PEINT PAR PAUL SIGNAC


PAUL SIGNAC (1863-1935) Cap Canaille (368 m) France   In Cassis, Cap Lombard, Opus 196, 1889,  Gemeentemuseum Den Haag
 
 
PAUL SIGNAC (1863-1935)
Cap Canaille (368 m)
France

 In Cassis, Cap Lombard, Opus 196, 1889,  Gemeentemuseum Den Haag

A propos de cette toile
Paul Signac, très enthousiasmé par Cassis et ses environs, y a réalisé cinq tableaux (voir l'un des cinq). Signac a décrit ce tableau dans une lettre à Vincent van Gogh : « Blanc, bleu, orange, harmonieusement dispersés dans de jolies ondulations. Tout autour des montagnes aux courbes rythmées. » En réalité ce Cap Lombard n'existe plus sous cette appellation et c'est du Cap Canaille qu'il s'agit.

Le relief
Le cap Canaille (368 m) est situé dans les Bouches-du-Rhône,  département de la région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur en France. Il est inséré dans le Parc national des Calanques. Il se situe sur la commune de Cassis, au nord-ouest de celle de La Ciotat. Sa roche qui tire vers le rouge est composée de calcaires détritiques. S'avançant dans la mer Méditerranée, il est constitué de rivages rocheux et escarpés dominés par l'extrémité occidentale des falaises Soubeyranes. Ces dernières constituent les plus hautes falaises maritimes de France (avant celles d'Étretat et du cap Blanc-Nez avec une altitude maximale de 394 mètres1, ainsi que les quatrièmes plus hautes d'Europe. Une route, la D141 dite « route des Crêtes », relie Cassis à la Ciotat en s'approchant du bord de la falaise ; plusieurs belvédères y sont aménagés.
Son nom est dû à une déformation du provençal Cap Naio, « Cap Naille » en français, mal compris par les topographes français ; à rapprocher de Aïl qui est lié à la notion de sommet (Cap d'Ail, dans les Alpes-Maritimes, à l'ouest de Monaco).


Le peintre
Paul Signac, travaille avec Seurat et Pissarro, avec qui il va former le groupe des « impressionnistes dits scientifiques ». Il se convertit très vite à la pratique de la division scientifique du ton. La technique empirique du pointillisme consiste à diviser les tons en de toutes petites taches de couleurs pures, serrées les unes contre les autres, afin que l’œil du spectateur, en les recomposant, perçoive une unité de ton. Signac et les néo-impressionnistes pensent que cette division des tons assure d'abord tous les bénéfices de la coloration : le mélange optique des pigments uniquement purs permet de retrouver toutes les teintes du prisme et tous leurs tons. La séparation des divers éléments (couleur locale, couleur d'éclairage et leurs réactions) est aussi assurée, ainsi que l'équilibre de ces éléments et leur proportion, selon les lois du contraste, de la dégradation et de l'irisation. Enfin, le peintre devra choisir une touche proportionnée à la dimension du tableau7. En 1885, son intérêt pour « la science de la couleur »le pousse à se rendre aux Gobelins où il assiste à des expériences sur la réflexion de la lumière blanche.
Il fait son premier tableau divisionniste en 1886

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2024 - Gravir les montagnes en peinture
Un blog de Francis Rousseau 

Tuesday, January 2, 2024

LA FALAISE DE POURVILLE  PEINTE PAR  HENRI ROUSSEAU


HENRI ROUSSEAU  (1844-1910) La Falaise, vers 1895 Huile sur toile, 21 x 35 cm Musée de l'Orangerie, Paris

HENRI ROUSSEAU  (1844-1910)
La Falaise, vers 1895
Huile sur toile, 21 x 35 cm
Musée de l'Orangerie, Paris

A propos de ce tableau (notice du musée)
Cette représentation de falaise de la côte normande est un motif rare chez Rousseau qui ne s'éloigne guère des environs de Paris. Le peintre a probablement travaillé à partir d'une reproduction de peinture, peut être Falaises à Pourville de Claude Monet ou Falaise avec bateaux et Mer Orageuse, dite aussi La Vague, de Gustave Courbet. Il a pu également s’inspirer d’une des innombrables représentations des falaises normandes peintes par des artistes plus obscurs. Rousseau a probablement fait la synthèse de plusieurs sources et recomposé totalement son tableau selon l’idée qu’il se faisait de ce paysage. Quoi qu'il en soit il schématise et simplifie à l'extrême la structure de la roche tout comme la représentation de la mer. Il rajoute des pêcheurs et de grands voiliers. Là encore, l’intérêt réside dans la manière dont Rousseau s'empare du motif. Il s’inspire du graphisme de l’imagerie populaire. C’est pour lui le moyen de suivre la recommandation que lui avait fait autrefois le peintre français Jean-Léon Gérôme (1824-1904) de conserver sa naïveté.

Le peintre
Henri Rousseau, aussi appelé « Le Douanier Rousseau », est un peintre français, considéré comme un représentant majeur de l'art naïf. Issu d'une famille modeste, il étudie le droit avant de partir à Paris et travailler à l'octroi où il occupe un poste de commis de deuxième classe, dans le cadre duquel il contrôle les entrées de boissons alcoolisées à Paris. Cette position lui vaudra son surnom de « Douanier ». Il apprend lui-même la peinture et produit un grand nombre de toiles. Elles représentent souvent des paysages de jungle. Lui n'a pourtant jamais quitté la France, son inspiration provient surtout de livres illustrés, de jardins botaniques, et de rencontres avec des soldats ayant participé à l'intervention française au Mexique. Ses toiles montrent une technique élaborée, mais leur aspect enfantin lui vaut beaucoup de moqueries. Habitué du Salon des indépendants, il commence à recevoir des critiques positives à partir de 1891 et rencontre quelques autres artistes à la fin de sa vie, comme Marie Laurencin, Robert Delaunay, Paul Signac, Guillaume Apollinaire, Jean-Léon Gérôme, Alexandre Cabanel, Edgar Degas, William Bouguereau, Paul Gauguin, Alfred Jarry, Toulouse-Lautrec et Pablo Picasso. Son travail est aujourd'hui considéré comme crucial pour l'art naïf et il a influencé de nombreux artistes, notamment des surréalistes. Paul Éluard a dit de lui : « Ce qu’il voyait n’était qu’amour et nous fera toujours des yeux émerveillés. »

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2024 - 13e année de publication -  Gravir les montagnes en peinture
Un blog de Francis Rousseau


 

Thursday, October 12, 2023

LE SIGNAL DE LA SAUVETTE  PEINT PAR  HENRI EDMOND CROSS

HENRI EDMOND CROSS (1856-1910) Le Signal de la Sauvette (775m) France (Var)  In Le Signal de la Sauvette - Chaîne-des-Maures, huile sur toile, 1891, Fondation Bemberg

HENRI EDMOND CROSS (1856-1910)
Le Signal de la Sauvette (775m)
France (Var)

In Le Signal de la Sauvette - Chaîne-des-Maures, huile sur toile, 1891, Fondation Bemberg

 

La montagne
Le Signal de la Sauvette (775 m) est le point culminant du massif des Maures, situé dans le Sud-Est de la France, dans le département du Var, en région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur.
Le massif des Maures (-lei Mauras selon la norme classique ou lei Mauro selon la norme mistralienne) est une petite chaîne de montagnes du sud de la France, située entre Hyères et Fréjus. C'est une des régions naturelles de France. Certains historiens croyaient que l'élément Maures se réfèrerait à la présence sarrasine au nord des Pyrénées, aux 8e et 9e siècles. Cependant la forme latine initiale devrait être *Montem Maurorum « montagne des Maures », en outre la montagne est qualifiée régulièrement de la Maura « la Maure », c'est-à-dire au féminin singulier, jusque tardivement.

Le peintre
Henri-Edmond Cross, pseudonyme d'Henri Edmond Joseph Delacroix, est un peintre et lithographe français, représentatif de la peinture pointilliste et  proche du mouvement libertaire. Henri Edmond Joseph Delacroix naît à Douai, où sa famille tient une quincaillerie. Le cousin de son père lui découvre du talent dès son enfance et devient son mentor. Il fait son apprentissage à Lille auprès de Carolus-Duran et d'Alphonse Colas. Il débute au Salon de 1881 en traduisant son patronyme « Delacroix » en anglais « Cross », pour se distinguer d'Eugène Delacroix, sur une idée de son ami le peintre François Bonvin. D'abord naturaliste, Henri-Edmond Cross se lie d'amitié avec les peintres néo-impressionnistes, dont il partage les convictions anarchistes. À partir de 1896, il collabore aux Temps nouveaux de Jean Graveen lui offrant dessins et lithographies (le premier dessin, L’Errant, n’était pas signé), ainsi que des aquarelles pour les tombolas de soutien au journal et à ses publications. Il illustre d'une lithographie le roman de John-Antoine Nau, La Gennia, roman spirite hétérodoxe. Suivent deux lithographies en couleurs, l'une paraît chez Ambroise Vollard (La Promenade, 1897), puis dans la revue Pan (Les Champs-Élysées, 1898). Il est particulièrement lié à Charles Angrand, Maximilien Luce (qui fit son portrait) et Théo van Rysselberghe. Il n'adopte le divisionnisme qu'en 1891 avec son ami Paul Signac, peu avant la mort de Georges Seurat. Il passe chaque été en Provence à partir de 1883 avant de s'installer définitivement à Saint-Clair dans le Var en 1891. Inspiré par la lumière méditerranéenne, comme nombre de ses pairs, il peint des paysages sur les côtes provençales et dans l'arrière pays. Il représente aussi le travail des paysans à travers des scènes de genre.

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2023 - Gravir les montagnes en peinture
Wandering Vertexes ....
Un blog de Francis Rousseau

Friday, July 14, 2023

CAPO DI NOLI PEINT PAR PAUL SIGNAC


PAUL SIGNAC (1863-1935) Capo di Noli (283 m) Italie

PAUL SIGNAC (1863-1935)
Capo di Noli (283 m)
Italie


A propos de cette toile
Capo di Noli est une peinture à l'huile sur toile réalisée en 1898 par l'artiste français Paul Signac dans le style pointilliste qui le rendit célèbre. D'une dimension de 93,5 × 75 cm, l'œuvre représente un cap sur la Riviera ligure, près de Gênes, à Noli. Signac y a fait une randonnée depuis Saint-Tropez deux ans avant l'achèvement du tableau, et de ses intentions, il a écrit qu'il « voulait amener chaque coin de la toile à l'extrême absolu en termes de couleur ». Le tableau est conservé au musée Wallraf Richartz de Cologne, en Allemagne.

Le cap
Il s'agit d'un promontoire rocheux et escarpé, reconnaissable à sa couleur gris-jaunâtre avec des taches sombres de végétation. Il est dominé par un ancien sémaphore et une tour. Il fait partie de ces lieux qui doivent leur célébrité a une tableau... en l'occurrence celui de Paul Signac ci dessus.

 

Le peintre
Paul Signac, est un peintre paysagiste français, proche du mouvement libertaire3 qui donna naissance au pointillisme, avec le peintre Seurat. Il a aussi mis au point la technique du divisionnisme. Cofondateur avec Seurat de la Société des artistes indépendants dont il fut président, il est ami avec Victor Dupont, peintre fauve et vice-président du Salon.
En 1892, il découvre Saint-Tropez, où il achètera cinq ans plus tard la villa La Hune, et organise les expositions posthumes de Seurat à Bruxelles et à Paris. Les Signac quittent Paris pour Saint-Tropez où ils reçoivent dans leur villa leurs amis artistes néo-impressionnistes, Matisse ou Maurice Denis. Il est passionné par la mer et possède un petit yacht avec lequel il navigue le long des différentes côtes françaises et italiennes.

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2023 - Gravir les montagnes en peinture
Un blog de Francis Rousseau

Saturday, October 27, 2018

CAP CANAILLE PAINTED BY HENRI MANGUIN




http://wanderingvertexes.blogspot.com

HENRI MANGUIN  (1874-1949)
Cap Canaille (394 m -1292, 65 ft)
France

 In  Aloés en fleurs, Cassis, oil on panel, 1912, Private owner

The mountain
Cap Canaille (394m) is a cape in France located in the the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region with a culminating point called " La Grande Tête"  (The great Head). It is located near the city of Cassis, north-west of La Ciotat. Its red rock is composed of detritic limestones. Going into the Mediterranean Sea, it consists of rocky and steep banks dominated by the western extremity of the Soubeyranes cliffs. The latter are, after the Slieve League in Ireland, one of the highest maritime cliffs in Europe and constitute, in La Ciotat, the highest cliffs in France with a maximum altitude of 394 meters. A road, the D141 called "Route des Crêtes", connects Cassis to La Ciotat by approaching the edge of the cliff.  Several gazebos are set up there with a spectacular view on the French Riviera and the sea. Cap Canaille is well known for having inspired a lot of painters of the end of 19th century and beginning of 20th. Its name is due to a distortion of the Provençal langage  Cap Naio  "Cap Naille" in French, meaning "Swimming mountain " or a distorsion of the roman latin name Mons Canalis meaning " Mountain  of Aqueducts".

The painter 
The French painter Henri-Charles Manguin although often considered a precursor of  Fauvism in 1905, is not very well konwn. Studying at  Gustave Moreau's studio at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, he befriends Albert Marquet, Henri Matisse and Georges Rouault. In 1902, he participated for the first time in the Salon des Independants. In 1904, he discovered the small fishing port of Saint-Tropez in the south of France and got in touch with Paul Signac. He exhibited at the Salon d'Automne, in the United States and at the Venice Biennale. 
Ambroise Vollard buys him 150 paintings.
 In 1924, he participated in the project of the future Annonciade Museum in Saint-Tropez. In 1938, the Druet Gallery closed, his son bought the unsold ones: Manguin destroyed eight paintings, then exhibited all over the world.  In 1942, he rented a workshop in Avignon. Henri Manguin dies in his house of Oustalet in Saint-Tropez on September 25, 1949. The Salon organizes a posthumous retrospective of his works in 1950.

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2018 - Wandering Vertexes...
by Francis Rousseau 

Thursday, January 4, 2018

CAP CANAILLE PAINTED BY PAUL SIGNAC


PAUL SIGNAC (1863-1935
Cap Canaille (394 m -1292, 65 ft)
France

The mountain
Cap Canaille (394m) is a cape in France located in the the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region with a culminating point called " La Grande Tête"  (The great Head). It is located in the city of Cassis, north-west of La Ciotat. Its red rock is composed of detritic limestones. Going into the Mediterranean Sea, it consists of rocky and steep banks dominated by the western extremity of the Soubeyranes cliffs. The latter are, after the Slieve League in Ireland, one of the highest maritime cliffs in Europe and constitute, in La Ciotat, the highest cliffs in France with a maximum altitude of 394 meters. A road, the D141 called "Route des Crêtes", connects Cassis to La Ciotat by approaching the edge of the cliff.  Several gazebos are set up there with a spectacular view on the French Riviera and the sea. Cap Canaille is well known for having inspired a lot of painters of the end of 19th century and beginning of 20th. Its name is due to a distortion of the Provençal langage  Cap Naio  "Cap Naille" in French, meaning "Swimming mountain " or a distorsion of the roman latin name Mons Canalis meaning " Mountain  of Aqueducts".

The painter 
Paul Victor Jules Signac was a French Neo-Impressionist painter who, working with Georges Seurat, helped develop the Pointillist style. In 1884 he met Claude Monet and Georges Seurat. He was struck by the systematic working methods of Seurat and by his theory of colors and became Seurat's faithful supporter, friend and heir with his description of Neo-Impressionism and Divisionism method. Under Seurat's influence he abandoned the short brushstrokes of Impressionism to experiment with scientifically juxtaposed small dots of pure color, intended to combine and blend not on the canvas but in the viewer's eye, the defining feature of Pointillism. Many of Signac's paintings are of the French coast. He loved to paint the water. He left the capital each summer, to stay in the south of France in the village of Collioure or at St. Tropez, where he bought a house and invited his friends.
Paul Signac, Albert Dubois-Pillet, Odilon Redon and Georges Seurat were among the founders of the Société des Artistes Indépendants. The association began in Paris 29 July 1884 with the organization of massive exhibitions, with the device "No jury nor awards". "The purpose of Société des Artistes Indépendants—based on the principle of abolishing admission jury—is to allow the artists to present their works to public judgement with complete freedom". For the following three decades their annual exhibitions set the trends in art of the early 20th century.
Signac himself experimented with various media. As well as oil paintings and watercolors he made etchings, lithographs, and many pen-and-ink sketches composed of small, laborious dots. The Neo-Impressionists influenced the next generation: Signac inspired Henri Matisse and André Derain in particular, thus playing a decisive role in the evolution of Fauvism.
As president of the Société des Artistes Indépendants from 1908 until his death, Signac encouraged younger artists (he was the first to buy a painting by Matisse) by exhibiting the controversial works of the Fauves and the Cubists.

Sunday, November 19, 2017

LES PETITES DALLES PAINTED BY CAMILLE PISSARO


CAMILLE PISSARO  (1830-1903) 
Les Petites Dalles (30 to 50 m - 98 to164 ft)
France 

In Les falaises des Petites Dalles, oil on canvas, 1883, Private collection USA 

The painting 
A lot of impressionist painters choose those cliffs as a item. The most famous was Claude Monet who made at least 10 paintings of those cliffs.  

The mountain 
Les Petites Dalles (30 to 50m - 98 to 164ft) (the Small Slabs) are cliffs located in a hamlet between Sassetot-le-Mauconduit and Saint-Martin-aux-Buneaux, in Haute-Normandie,  France.
Seaside resort south of Dieppe in Normandy, on the coast of the Channel and the country of Caux, the Petites Dalles cliffs are famous mainly because they inspired the impressionist painters like Claude Monet and Berthe Morisot. it is also famous for its numerous seaside villas built at the end of the nineteenth century and preserved (Les Catelets, Les Lampottes, Les Mouettes...)
The old name for Les Petites Dalles appears in the Latinized form Daletis in a charter of 1252.  It is the diminutive of Dalis which appears in the same charter.  Dalis became Les Grandes-Dalles and Daletis, Les Petites Dalles.
The place became definitely up to date in 187,5 when  the Empress of Austria,  Elisabeth, known as Sissi, spent the months of August and September at the castle of Sassetot-le-Mauconduit and regularly bathes on the beach of  Les Petites Dalles. The painter Paul Valantin realizes a painting of the scene. On August 25, 2016, a landslide over a hundred meters of the cliff felt down. Nearly 50,000 m3 of rocks collapsed on the beach in  Saint-Martin-aux-Buneaux at the place known as Les Petites Dalles, according to the Seine-Maritime Fire and Rescue Service.

The Painter
 Camille Pissarro was a Danish-French Impressionist and Neo-Impressionist painter born on the island of St Thomas (now in the US Virgin Islands, but then in the Danish West Indies). His importance resides in his contributions to both Impressionism and Post-Impressionism.
Pissarro studied from great forerunners, including Gustave Courbet and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot. He later studied and worked alongside Georges Seurat and Paul Signac when he took on the Neo-Impressionist style at the age of 54.
In 1873 he helped establish a collective society of fifteen aspiring artists, becoming the "pivotal" figure in holding the group together and encouraging the other members. Art historian John Rewald called Pissarro the "dean of the Impressionist painters", not only because he was the oldest of the group, but also "by virtue of his wisdom and his balanced, kind, and warmhearted personality". Cézanne said "he was a father for me. A man to consult and a little like the good Lord," and he was also one of Gauguin's masters. Renoir referred to his work as "revolutionary", through his artistic portrayals of the "common man", as Pissarro insisted on painting individuals in natural settings without "artifice or grandeur".
Pissarro is the only artist to have shown his work at all eight Paris Impressionist exhibitions, from 1874 to 1886. He "acted as a father figure not only to the Impressionists" but to all four of the major Post-Impressionists, including Georges Seurat, Paul Cézanne, Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin.

Wednesday, November 16, 2016

MONT GAUSSIER PAINTED BY VINCENT VAN GOGH


VINCENT VAN GOGH  (1853-1890) 
Le Mont Gaussier (306 m -1,004 ft)  
France

In Le mas St Paul à Saint-Rémy de Provence, 1889, Kroller-Muller Museum, Netherlands

The mountain 
The Mont Gaussier (306 m -1,004 ft) is a summit of the Alpilles located south of the city of Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, France. Today, the place of passage of many hikers who cross it by the GR6, Mount Gaussier was very early used as habitat by protohistoric populations, before having at its summit a medieval castle, nowadays disappeared. Mount Gaussier is made of crystalline limestone, white and hard. One finds in the soil the trace of many fossils. This type of summit is characteristic of the Alpilles range of mountains, especially on the north face.
The first traces of habitation on Mount Gaussier are ancient. In 1996,  three sites dating from Protohistory and Late Antiquity were discovered at the summit and on the slopes. This is what emerges from the study of stones, tiles, ceramics and shards of amphora found on the premises. Moreover, the foundation of a wall was identified at the top during the same prospecting.
Most of the human activity of antiquity at Mount Gaussier nevertheless concentrated at the foot of it, since it was there that was built the Salyan city of Glanum (today Saint-Remy de Provence). Research carried out in 1996 and 1997 revealed that the well-preserved remains of a protohistoric rampart with towers have been cleared in several places, particularly on the ridges which dominate to the north-east and south-west the Saint- Clerg and at the foot of Mount Gaussier. The system of rampart which encircled the city in the 1st and 2nd centuries BC. J.-C. leaned on the cliffs of the mount Gaussier which border it on a hundred meters. It is also believed that Mount Gaussier, by its situation, could be used as an acropolis because of its plateau surrounded by cliffs and that its access from Glanum was made possible by a narrow corridor.
If, according to the archaeologist Henri Rolland, some families occupied the Alpilles range, on the slopes of Mount Gaussier, between the first Iron Age and the end of Antiquity, but also in the High Middle Ages, only the foot and the summit of the mountain were occupied in the following centuries, especially in the 5th and 6th centuries. It was here that a part of the inhabitants of Glanum took up residence after the ruin of the ancient city in the alluvial deposits of the mountain.
Mount Gaussier, like Glanum, then in ruins, and Saint-Remy-de-Provence, became property of the church of Avignon at the end of the 9th century in a county of Provence powered by Count Thibert.
It is possible to reach the Mount Gaussier from the ruins of Glanum or from La Caume by the GR6 climbing previously metal ladders.

 The  painter 
Vincent Willem van Gogh was a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter who is among the most famous and influential figures in the history of Western art. In just over a decade he created about 2100 artworks, including around 860 oil paintings, most of them in the last two years of his life. They include landscapes, still lifes, portraits and self-portraits, and are characterized by bold, symbolic colours, and dramatic, impulsive and expressive brushwork that contributed to the foundations of modern art. He died by suicide at 37, following years of mental illness and poverty.
Born into an upper-middle-class family, Van Gogh drew as a child and was serious, quiet and thoughtful. As a young man he worked as an art dealer, often travelling, but became depressed after he was transferred to London. He turned to religion, and spent time as a missionary in southern Belgium. Later he drifted in ill health and solitude. He took up painting in 1881 having moved back home with his parents. His younger brother Theo supported him financially, and the two kept up a long correspondence by letter.
Van Gogh's early works, mostly still lifes and depictions of peasant labourers, contain few signs of the vivid colour that distinguished his later work. In 1886 he moved to Paris where me met members of the avant-garde, including Emile Bernard and Paul Gauguin, who were reacting against the Impressionist sensibility. As his work developed he created a new approach to still lifes and local landscapes. His paintings grew brighter in colour as he developed a style that became fully realised during his stay in Arles in the south of France in 1888. He lived there in the Yellow House and, with Gauguin, developed a concept of colour that symbolised inner emotion. During this period he broadened his subject matter to include olive trees, cypresses, wheat fields and sunflowers.
Van Gogh suffered from psychotic episodes and delusions and, though he worried about his mental stability, he often neglected his physical health, not eating properly and drinking heavily. His friendship with Gauguin came to an end after he threatened the Frenchman with a razor, and in a rage, cut off part of his own left ear. His stay in a psychiatric hospital in Saint-Rémy led to one of the more productive periods of his life. He discharged himself and moved to the Auberge Ravoux in Auvers-sur-Oise near Paris under the care of the homeopathic doctor and artist, Paul Gachet. On 27 July 1890, Van Gogh shot himself in the chest with a revolver. He died from his injuries two days later.
He sold only one painting during his lifetime, and was considered a madman and a failure. He became famous after his suicide. Van Gogh exists in the public imagination as the quintessential misunderstood genius, the artist "where discourses on madness and creativity converge". His reputation began to grow in the early 20th century as elements of his painting style came to be incorporated by the Fauves and German Expressionists. He attained widespread critical, commercial and popular success over the ensuing decades, and is remembered as an important but tragic painter, whose troubled personality typifies the romantic ideal of the tortured artist.
Van Gogh and Saint Remy de Provence
Van Gogh entered the Saint-Paul-de-Mausole  asylum  in Saint-Rémy de Provence on 8 May 1889, accompanied by his carer, Frédéric Salles, a Protestant clergyman. Saint-Paul was a former monastery in Saint-Rémy, less than 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Arles, and was run by a former naval doctor, Théophile Peyron. Van Gogh had two cells with barred windows, one of which was to be used as a studio. During his stay, the clinic and its garden became the main subjects of his paintings. He made several studies of the hospital's interiors, such as Vestibule of the Asylum and Saint-Rémy (September 1889). Some of his works from this time are characterised by swirls, such as The Starry Night. He was allowed short supervised walks, which led to paintings of cypresses and olive trees, including Olive Trees with the Alpilles in the Background 1889, Cypresses 1889, Cornfield with Cypresses (1889),  Mont Gaussier  and Mas St Paul (1889), Country road in Provence by Night (1890). In September 1889 he produced two further versions of Bedroom in Arles.
Limited access to life outside the clinic resulted in a shortage of subject matter. Van Gogh was left to work on interpretations of other artist's paintings, such as Millet's The Sower and Noon – Rest from Work (after Millet), as well as variations on his own earlier work. Van Gogh was an admirer of the Realism of Jules Breton, Gustave Courbet and Millet, and he compared his copies to a musician's interpreting Beethoven.
Albert Aurier praised his work in the Mercure de France in January 1890, and described him as "a genius". In February Van Gogh painted five versions of L'Arlésienne (Madame Ginoux), based on a charcoal sketch Gauguin had produced when she sat for both artists in November 1888. Also in February, Van Gogh was invited by Les XX, a society of avant-garde painters in Brussels, to participate in their annual exhibition. At the opening dinner a Les XX member, Henry de Groux, insulted Van Gogh's work. Toulouse-Lautrec demanded satisfaction, and Signac declared he would continue to fight for Van Gogh's honour if Lautrec surrendered. De Groux apologised for the slight and left the group. Later, while Van Gogh's exhibit was on display with the Artistes Indйpendants in Paris, Claude Monet said that his work was the best in the show.  After the birth of his nephew, Van Gogh wrote "I started right away to make a picture for him, to hang in their bedroom, branches of white almond blossom against a blue sky."