VESUVIUS BY JOHN RUSKIN

JOHN RUSKIN (1819-1900)

Mount Vesuvius  (1,281m - 4,203ft)

Italy

The mountain 

Mount Vesuvius (1,281 meters- 4,203 ft at present) is one of those legendary and mythic mountains the Earth paid regularly tribute. Monte Vesuvio in Italian modern langage or Mons Vesuvius in antique Latin langage is a stratovolcano in the Gulf of Naples (Italy) about 9 km (5.6 mi) east of Naples and a short distance from the shore. 

It is one of several volcanoes which form the Campanian volcanic arc. Vesuvius consists of a large cone partially encircled by the steep rim of a summit caldera caused by the collapse of an earlier and originally much higher structure.

Mount Vesuvius is best known for its eruption in AD 79 that led to the burying and destruction of the Roman antique cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and several other settlements. That eruption ejected a cloud of stones, ash, and fumes to a height of 33 km (20.5 mi), spewing molten rock and pulverized pumice at the rate of 1.5 million tons per second, ultimately releasing a hundred thousand times the thermal energy released by the Hiroshima bombing. At least 1,000 people died in the eruption. The only surviving eyewitness account of the event consists of two letters by Pliny the Younger to the historian Tacitus.

Vesuvius has erupted many times since and is the only volcano on the European mainland to have erupted within the last hundred years. Nowadays, it is regarded as one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world because of the population of 3,000,000 people living nearby and its tendency towards explosive eruptions (said Plinian eruptions). It is the most densely populated volcanic region in the world.

Vesuvius was formed as a result of the collision of two tectonic plates, the African and the Eurasian. The former was subducted beneath the latter, deeper into the earth. As the water-saturated sediments of the oceanic African plate were pushed to hotter depths in the earth, the water boiled off and caused the melting point of the upper mantle to drop enough to create partial melting of the rocks. Because magma is less dense than the solid rock around it, it was pushed upward. Finding a weak place at the Earth's surface it broke through, producing the volcano.

he area around Vesuvius was officially declared a national park on June 5, 1995. The summit of Vesuvius is open to visitors and there is a small network of paths around the mountain that are maintained by the park authorities on weekends.

There is access by road to within 200 metres (660 ft) of the summit (measured vertically), but thereafter access is on foot only. There is a spiral walkway around the mountain from the road to the crater.

The first funicular cable car on Mount Vesuvius opened in 1880. It was later destroyed by the 1944 eruption. "Funiculì, Funiculà", a famous Neapolitan song with lyrics by journalist Peppino Turco set to music by composer Luigi Denza, commemorates its opening.

The painter 

John Ruskin was the leading English art critic of the Victorian era, as well as an art patron, draughtsman, watercolourist, a prominent social thinker and philanthropist. He wrote on subjects as varied as geology, architecture, myth, ornithology, literature, education, botany and political economy. His writing styles and literary forms were equally varied. Ruskin also penned essays and treatises, poetry and lectures, travel guides and manuals, letters and even a fairy tale. The elaborate style that characterised his earliest writing on art was later superseded by a preference for plainer language designed to communicate his ideas more effectively. In all of his writing, he emphasised the connections between nature, art and society. He also made detailed sketches and paintings of rocks, plants, birds, landscapes, and architectural structures and ornamentation.
He was hugely influential in the latter half of the 19th century, and up to the First World War. After a period of relative decline, his reputation has steadily improved since the 1960s with the publication of numerous academic studies of his work. Today, his ideas and concerns are widely recognised as having anticipated interest in environmentalism, sustainability and craft.
Ruskin first came to widespread attention with the first volume of Modern Painters (1843), an extended essay in defence of the work of J. M. W. Turner in which he argued that the principal role of the artist is "truth to nature".  From the 1850s he championed the Pre-Raphaelites who were influenced by his ideas. His work increasingly focused on social and political issues. Unto This Last (1860, 1862) marked the shift in emphasis. In 1869, Ruskin became the first Slade Professor of Fine Art at the University of Oxford, where he established the Ruskin School of Drawing. In 1871, he began his monthly "letters to the workmen and labourers of Great Britain", published under the title Fors Clavigera (1871–1884). In the course of this complex and deeply personal work, he developed the principles underlying his ideal society. As a result, he founded the Guild of St George, an organisation that endures today.
About mountains he painted quite a lot of times, Ruskin wrote: "They are the great cathedrals of the earth, with their portals of rock, the mosaics of clouds, the choirs of  torrents, and the altars of snow, sometimes with purple sparkling stars." and  "Mountains are the beginning and the end of all natural scenery.

MOUNT VESUVIUS PAINTED BY ALBERT MARQUET

ALBERT MARQUET (1875–1947), 

 Mount Vesuvius (1,281 m- 4,203 ft at present) 

 Italy

In La baie de  Naples et le Vésuve, 81 x 69 cm, oil on canvas 1909,   Pushkin museum, Moscow

The mountain 

Mount Vesuvius (1,281 m - 4,203 ft at present) is one of those legendary and mythic mountains  the Earth  paid regularly tribute. Monte Vesuvio in Italian modern langage or Mons Vesuvius in antique Latin langage is a stratovolcano in the Gulf of Naples (Italy) about 9 km (5.6 mi) east of Naples and a short distance from the shore. 

It is one of several volcanoes which form the Campanian volcanic arc. Vesuvius consists of a large cone partially encircled by the steep rim of a summit caldera caused by the collapse of an earlier and originally much higher structure.

Mount Vesuvius is best known for its eruption in AD 79 that led to the burying and destruction of the Roman antique cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and several other settlements. That eruption ejected a cloud of stones, ash, and fumes to a height of 33 km (20.5 mi), spewing molten rock and pulverized pumice at the rate of 1.5 million tons per second, ultimately releasing a hundred thousand times the thermal energy released by the Hiroshima bombing. At least 1,000 people died in the eruption. The only surviving eyewitness account of the event consists of two letters by Pliny the Younger to the historian Tacitus.

Vesuvius has erupted many times since and is the only volcano on the European mainland to have erupted within the last hundred years. Nowadays, it is regarded as one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world because of the population of 3,000,000 people living nearby and its tendency towards explosive eruptions (said Plinian eruptions). It is the most densely populated volcanic region in the world.

Vesuvius was formed as a result of the collision of two tectonic plates, the African and the Eurasian. The former was subducted beneath the latter, deeper into the earth. As the water-saturated sediments of the oceanic African plate were pushed to hotter depths in the earth, the water boiled off and caused the melting point of the upper mantle to drop enough to create partial melting of the rocks. Because magma is less dense than the solid rock around it, it was pushed upward. Finding a weak place at the Earth's surface it broke through, producing the volcano.

The area around Vesuvius was officially declared a national park on June 5, 1995. The summit of Vesuvius is open to visitors and there is a small network of paths around the mountain that are maintained by the park authorities on weekends.

The painter 
Albert Marquet was a French painter, associated with the Fauvist movement. He initially became one of the Fauve painters and a lifelong friend of Henri Matisse. In 1890 Marquet moved to Paris to attend the Ecole des Arts Decoratifs, where he met Henri Matisse. They were roommates for a time, and they influenced each other's work. Marquet began studies in 1892 at the École des Beaux-Arts de Paris under Gustave Moreau, the famous symbolist artist. In 1905 he exhibited at the Salon d'Automne. Dismayed by the intense coloration in these paintings, critics reacted by naming the artists the "Fauves", i.e. the wild beasts. Although Marquet painted with the fauves for years, he used less bright and violent colours than the others, and emphasized less intense tones made by mixing complementaries, thus always as colors and never as grays.
From 1907 to his death, Marquet alternated between working in his studio in Paris (a city he painted a lot of times) and many parts of the European coast and in North Africa. He was most involved with Algeria and Algiers and Tunisia. He remained also impressed particularly with Naples and Venice where he painted the sea and boats, accenting the light over water.  During his voyages to Germany and Sweden he painted the subjects he usually preferred: river and sea views, ports and ships, but also cityscapes.

Matisse said ; "When I look at Hokusai, I think of Marquet—and vice versa ... I don't mean imitation of Hokusai, I mean similarity with him".

___________________________________________
2019 - Wandering Vertexes...
by Francis Rousseau 

MOUNT VESUVIUS PAINTED BY CHARLES MOUTON-DUGASSEAU

 CHARLES MOUTON-DUGASSEAU (1812- 1883)
Mount Vesuvius (1,281m - 4,203ft)
Italy

In La Baie de Naples avec une éruption du Vésuve sous la neige,
6 January 1836,(Bay of Naples with Mount Vesuvius Erupting and Covered in Snow), 6 Janvier 1836,
Gouache on paper 42.7cm x 63.3cm.
Private collection

The artist
Charles Dugasseau, born Charles-Alexandre-Ernest Mouton or Mouton-Dugasseau  was a painter, designer and curator of the Tessé Museum in Le Mans. After making his debut at Le Mans in 1836, Charles Dugasseau spent seven years in Italy in Rome. Student of Ingres who describes him as his friend, and who invites him to come and listen to music until the end of his days. His Sapho exhibited at the Salon in 1845, with Christ surrounded by the founders of the religion, was noticed by Francis Wey, Théophile Gautier and Charles Baudelaire who made this comment: “Serious painting, but pedantic - looks like a very solid Lehmann. His Sapho making the leap of Lefkada is a pretty composition ”.
Nephew of Narcisse Desportes, curator of the Tessé Museum and botanist, Charles Dugasseau replaced him in 1856. He increased the museum's collection by making purchases, in particular twenty-three works by Italian primitives acquired during the sale after the death of a collector from Manceau, Évariste Fouret (1807-1863). He requests deposits from the French State and makes or has made many copies of paintings by Leonardo da Vinci, (Joconda), Bernardino Luini, Francesco Melzi (Flora ou Colombine or La Dame au jasmin), Andrea Solari (The Virgin with the Green Cushion).
The second part of his career was devoted to landscape painting.

The mountain 

Mount Vesuvius (1,281 meters- 4,203 ft at present) is one of those legendary and mythic mountains the Earth paid regularly tribute. Monte Vesuvio in Italian modern langage or Mons Vesuvius in antique Latin langage is a stratovolcano in the Gulf of Naples (Italy) about 9 km (5.6 mi) east of Naples and a short distance from the shore. 

It is one of several volcanoes which form the Campanian volcanic arc. Vesuvius consists of a large cone partially encircled by the steep rim of a summit caldera caused by the collapse of an earlier and originally much higher structure.

Mount Vesuvius is best known for its eruption in AD 79 that led to the burying and destruction of the Roman antique cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and several other settlements. That eruption ejected a cloud of stones, ash, and fumes to a height of 33 km (20.5 mi), spewing molten rock and pulverized pumice at the rate of 1.5 million tons per second, ultimately releasing a hundred thousand times the thermal energy released by the Hiroshima bombing. At least 1,000 people died in the eruption. The only surviving eyewitness account of the event consists of two letters by Pliny the Younger to the historian Tacitus.

Vesuvius has erupted many times since and is the only volcano on the European mainland to have erupted within the last hundred years. Nowadays, it is regarded as one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world because of the population of 3,000,000 people living nearby and its tendency towards explosive eruptions (said Plinian eruptions). It is the most densely populated volcanic region in the world.

Vesuvius was formed as a result of the collision of two tectonic plates, the African and the Eurasian. The former was subducted beneath the latter, deeper into the earth. As the water-saturated sediments of the oceanic African plate were pushed to hotter depths in the earth, the water boiled off and caused the melting point of the upper mantle to drop enough to create partial melting of the rocks. Because magma is less dense than the solid rock around it, it was pushed upward. Finding a weak place at the Earth's surface it broke through, producing the volcano.

_______________________________
2020 - Wandering Vertexes...
by Francis Rousseau

6 VIEWS OF VESUVIUS BY PIERRE-JACQUES VOLAIRE

PIERRE-JACQUES VOLAIRE (1720-1799)

Mount Vesuvius (1,281m - 4,203ft)

Italy

 1. In Eruption du Vésuve vue de Portici, 1771, oil on canvas,  MBA de Nantes, France

2.  In Eruption du Vésuve du 14 Mai 1771, oil on canvas,  Karlsruhe, Staalische Kunsthhalle 

3. In Eruption du Vésuve vue de l'Atrio del Cavallo, 1770-90, Château de Maisons, France

 4. In Eruption du Vésuve, baie de Naples, 1785, Getty Center, Los Angeles

5.    Eruption du Vésuve, baie de Naples, 1780, Museum of Fine Arts,  San Franscico 

 6.  Detail  In Eruption du Vésuve du 14 Mai 1771, oil on canvas,  Karlsruhe, Staalische Kunsthhalle 

About the  views of Vesuvius by Volaire 
The views of Vesuvius in eruption  painted by Pierre-Jacques Volaire are sometimes very similar and only slight details differentiate them, such as, for instance, the location of a boat in Portici Bay, or the displacement of a group of fishermen, or the intensity of the magma flow. By examining the paintings in detail, one can note that some characters are very close to the caldera (painting n° 6) ; even fishermen despite the fury of the volcano do not seem to fear the danger  (painting n° 4 & n°5).
On almost every painting the Bay of Naples faces Vesuvius in eruption, often at night, unfolding its flame tongue under a lunar light. Volaire thus achieves a magnificent light effect, resulting from the contrast of the warm tones of the volcano with the cold light of the moon. The presence of groups of characters observing the incandescent magma creates a perspective between the natural element, the characters and the viewer.
One of these paintings (painting n° 3) was commissioned by the Farmer General Jacques-Onésyme Bergeret de Grandcourt, who, guided by Volaire, climbed the volcano, as reported in his travel diary.

The painter 
Pierre-Jacques Volaire (1720-1799)  was a french painter, from a well-known family of painters in Toulon. His own career began workintg at the painting workshop of the naval dockyard of Toulon, when Joseph Vernet arrived in 1754. The latter, recognized artist, got an order of King Louis XV: Ports of France. To make these landscape paintings, he attached the young Volaire. The two painters travelled together for eight years, painting  the ports of Bordeaux, Bayonne, La Rochelle and Dieppe.
Volaire then leaved Vernet to go to Italy, to Naples and he settled there permanently. During his stay, the Chevalier Volaire, as he called himself, worked on landscapes, seascapes and views of Vesuvius. Night scenes became his specialty and the theme of the eruption of Vesuvius, became the almost exclusive subject of the artist's works which met with great success in the eighteenth century. Indeed, the interest shown by his European contemporaries in the extraordinary manifestations of nature leads them to a thorough study of the volcano, which experienced, between 1750 and 1800, an intense activity.
Back in France, the Chevalier Volaire becomes a corresponding member of the Marseille Academy of Painting and Sculpture.  He exhibited in Paris only three times. He was denied official recognition in France when, in 1786, he tried to sell one of his Vesuvius pictures to Louis XVI ; at the time, the work of a landscape painter - especially one who employed sensational effects - was not seen to be very worthy. Volaire also created pastels and drawings, and his works were frequently engraved.

VESUVIUS BY CHRISTEN KOBKE

CHRISTEN SCHIELLERUP KOBKE (1810-1848)

Mount Vesuvius  (1,281m - 4,203ft)

Italy

 In  Bay of Naples with Vesuvius in the Background , oil on canvas, 1843, Toledo museum of Art, 

The mountain 
Mount Vesuvius (1,281 meters- 4,203 ft at present) is one of those legendary and mythic mountains the Earth paid regularly tribute. Monte Vesuvio in Italian modern langage or Mons Vesuvius in antique Latin langage is a stratovolcano in the Gulf of Naples (Italy) about 9 km (5.6 mi) east of Naples and a short distance from the shore.
It is one of several volcanoes which form the Campanian volcanic arc. Vesuvius consists of a large cone partially encircled by the steep rim of a summit caldera caused by the collapse of an earlier and originally much higher structure.
Mount Vesuvius is best known for its eruption in AD 79 that led to the burying and destruction of the Roman antique cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and several other settlements. That eruption ejected a cloud of stones, ash, and fumes to a height of 33 km (20.5 mi), spewing molten rock and pulverized pumice at the rate of 1.5 million tons per second, ultimately releasing a hundred thousand times the thermal energy released by the Hiroshima bombing. At least 1,000 people died in the eruption. The only surviving eyewitness account of the event consists of two letters by Pliny the Younger to the historian Tacitus.
The first funicular cable car on Mount Vesuvius opened in 1880. It was later destroyed by the 1944 eruption. "Funiculì, Funiculà", a famous Neapolitan song with lyrics by journalist Peppino Turco set to music by composer Luigi Denza, commemorates its opening.


The painter 
Christen Schiellerup Købke, Danish painter, was born in Copenhagen to Peter Berendt Købke, a baker, and his wife Cecilie Margrete. He was one of 11 children. Købke is one of the best known artists belonging to the Golden Age of Danish Painting.
Købke, a national romantic, painted portraits, landscapes and architectural paintings. Most of Købke’s portraits show friends, family members and fellow artists. He found most of his motifs in his immediate surroundings. Now he is recognized internationally for his well composed and harmonic paintings, for their coloristic qualities and for his sense of the everyday life. But in his lifetime he was almost forgotten, especially because of his early death and limited production. Despite his talent and the praise of various contemporaries, Købke had never been inundated with commissions.
His works are in the collections of not only Danish museums but also such international museums as the J. Paul Getty Museum  and the Scottish National Gallery in Edinburgh.
In 1838 he received a travel stipend from the Academy,  traveled via Dresden and Munich to Italy accompanied by decorative painter Georg Hilker. They arrived in Rome by year’s end where he met his brother-in-law Frederik Christopher Krohn, sculptor and medallionist, and many other Danish artists. He traveled, along with Constantin Hansen the following summer to Naples, Sorrento, Pompeii and Capri where he painted out in the open air.
He returned home in 1840 with a large collection of sketches for later use and inspiration.

MOUNT VESUVIUS PAINTED BY EDGAR DEGAS

EDGAR DEGAS (1834-1917) 

 Mount Vesuvius (1, 281m - 4,203 ft current)

Italy 

 In Le Vésuve, 1892, Pastel 25x30cm, Private collection

The mountain 

Mount Vesuvius (1,281 meters- 4,203 ft current) is one of those legendary and mythic mountains the Earth paid regularly tribute. Monte Vesuvio in Italian modern langage or Mons Vesuvius in antique Latin langage is a stratovolcano in the Gulf of Naples (Italy) about 9 km (5.6 mi) east of Naples and a short distance from the shore. 

It is one of several volcanoes which form the Campanian volcanic arc. Vesuvius consists of a large cone partially encircled by the steep rim of a summit caldera caused by the collapse of an earlier and originally much higher structure.

Mount Vesuvius is best known for its eruption in AD 79 that led to the burying and destruction of the Roman antique cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and several other settlements. That eruption ejected a cloud of stones, ash, and fumes to a height of 33 km (20.5 mi), spewing molten rock and pulverized pumice at the rate of 1.5 million tons per second, ultimately releasing a hundred thousand times the thermal energy released by the Hiroshima bombing. At least 1,000 people died in the eruption. The only surviving eyewitness account of the event consists of two letters by Pliny the Younger to the historian Tacitus.

Vesuvius has erupted many times since and is the only volcano on the European mainland to have erupted within the last hundred years. Nowadays, it is regarded as one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world because of the population of 3,000,000 people living nearby and its tendency towards explosive eruptions (said Plinian eruptions). It is the most densely populated volcanic region in the world.

- More about Mount Vesuvius

The painter

Edgar Degas born Hilaire-Germain-Edgar De Gas, was a French artist famous for his paintings, sculptures, prints, and drawings. He is especially identified with the subject of dance; more than half of his works depict dancers. He is regarded as one of the founders of Impressionism, although he rejected the term, preferring to be called a realist. Technically, Degas differs from the Impressionists in that he continually belittled their practice of painting en plein air. He was a superb draftsman, and particularly masterly in depicting movement, as can be seen in his rendition of dancers, racecourse subjects and female nudes. His portraits are notable for their psychological complexity and for their portrayal of human isolation. Degas painted only a few landscapes and very rarely mountains.
At the beginning of his career, Degas wanted to be a history painter, a calling for which he was well prepared by his rigorous academic training and close study of classic art. In his early thirties, he changed course, and by bringing the traditional methods of a history painter to bear on contemporary subject matter, he became a classical painter of modern life.
By the later 1870s Degas had mastered not only the traditional medium of oil on canvas, but pastel as well. The dry medium, which he applied in complex layers and textures, enabled him more easily to reconcile his facility for line with a growing interest in expressive color. In the mid-1870s he also returned to the medium of etching, which he had neglected for ten years. At first he was guided in this by his old friend Ludovic-Napoléon Lepic, himself an innovator in its use, and began experimenting with lithography and monotype. He produced some 300 monotypes over two periods, from the mid-1870s to the mid-1880s and again in the early 1890s. He was especially fascinated by the effects produced by monotype and frequently reworked the printed images with pastel.
Source:
- Wikipedia

MOUNT VESUVIUS PAINTED BY AUGUSTE RENOIR

PIERRE-AUGUSTE RENOIR (1841-1919)

Mount Vesuvius (1, 281m - 4,203 ft current)

Italy

In The Bay of Naples (1881), Oil on canvas, 59.7 x 81.3 cm. 

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

The mountain
Mount Vesuvius (1,281 meters- 4,203 ft current) is one of those legendary and mythic mountains the Earth paid regularly tribute. Monte Vesuvio in Italian modern langage or Mons Vesuvius in antique Latin langage is a stratovolcano in the Gulf of Naples (Italy) about 9 km (5.6 mi) east of Naples and a short distance from the shore.
It is one of several volcanoes which form the Campanian volcanic arc. Vesuvius consists of a large cone partially encircled by the steep rim of a summit caldera caused by the collapse of an earlier and originally much higher structure.
Mount Vesuvius is best known for its eruption in AD 79 that led to the burying and destruction of the Roman antique cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and several other settlements. That eruption ejected a cloud of stones, ash, and fumes to a height of 33 km (20.5 mi), spewing molten rock and pulverized pumice at the rate of 1.5 million tons per second, ultimately releasing a hundred thousand times the thermal energy released by the Hiroshima bombing. At least 1,000 people died in the eruption. The only surviving eyewitness account of the event consists of two letters by Pliny the Younger to the historian Tacitus.
Vesuvius has erupted many times since and is the only volcano on the European mainland to have erupted within the last hundred years. Nowadays, it is regarded as one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world because of the population of 3,000,000 people living nearby and its tendency towards explosive eruptions (said Plinian eruptions). It is the most densely populated volcanic region in the world.

The painter
Pierre-Auguste Renoir, commonly known as Auguste Renoir was a French artist who was a leading painter in the development of the Impressionist style. Renoir's paintings are notable for their vibrant light and saturated color, most often focusing on people in intimate and candid compositions. The female nude was one of his primary subjects. In characteristic Impressionist style, Renoir suggested the details of a scene through freely brushed touches of color, so that his figures softly fuse with one another and their surroundings.
His initial paintings show the influence of the colorism of Eugène Delacroix and the luminosity of Camille Corot. He also admired the realism of Gustave Courbet and Édouard Manet, and his early work resembles theirs in his use of black as a color. Renoir admired Edgar Degas' sense of movement. Another painter Renoir greatly admired was the 18th-century master François Boucher.
In the late 1860s, through the practice of painting light and water en plein air (outdoors), he and his friend Claude Monet discovered that the color of shadows is not brown or black, but the reflected color of the objects surrounding them, an effect known today as diffuse reflection. Several pairs of paintings exist in which Renoir and Monet worked side-by-side, depicting the same scenes (La Grenouillère, 1869).

 He very rarely painted mountains landscapes like the Mount Sainte Victoire ( a tribute to Cezanne) or the Mount Vesuvius (above).
The works of his early maturity were typically Impressionist snapshots of real life, full of sparkling color and light. By the mid-1880s, however, he had broken with the movement to apply a more disciplined formal technique to portraits and figure paintings, particularly of women. It was a trip to Italy in 1881 when he saw works by Raphael and other Renaissance masters, that convinced him that he was on the wrong path, and for the next several years he painted in a more severe style in an attempt to return to classicism.
After 1890 he changed direction again. To dissolve outlines, as in his earlier work, he returned to thinly brushed color. From this period onward he concentrated on monumental nudes and domestic scenes, fine examples of which are Girls at the Piano, 1892, and Grandes Baigneuses, 1887. The latter painting is the most typical and successful of Renoir's late, abundantly fleshed nudes.
A prolific artist, he created several thousand paintings. The warm sensuality of Renoir's style made his paintings some of the most well-known and frequently reproduced works in the history of art. The single largest collection of his works—181 paintings in all—is at the Barnes Foundation, in Philadelphia.
He was the father of actor Pierre Renoir (1885–1952), filmmaker Jean Renoir (1894–1979) and ceramic artist Claude Renoir (1901–1969). He was the grandfather of the filmmaker Claude Renoir (1913–1993), son of Pierre.

___________________________________________

2019 - Wandering Vertexes...

by Francis Rousseau 

VESUVIUS PAINTED BY JOSEPH REBELL

JOSEPH REBELL (1787-1828) 

Mount Vesuvius (1,281m - 4,203ft)

Italy

In Vesuvio in 1813-15, oil on canvas, Staatliche Kunsthalle Karlsruhe.

The mountain 

Mount Vesuvius (1,281 meters- 4,203 ft at present) is one of those legendary and mythic mountains the Earth paid regularly tribute. Monte Vesuvio in Italian modern langage or Mons Vesuvius in antique Latin langage is a stratovolcano in the Gulf of Naples (Italy) about 9 km (5.6 mi) east of Naples and a short distance from the shore.
It is one of several volcanoes which form the Campanian volcanic arc. Vesuvius consists of a large cone partially encircled by the steep rim of a summit caldera caused by the collapse of an earlier and originally much higher structure.
Mount Vesuvius is best known for its eruption in AD 79 that led to the burying and destruction of the Roman antique cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and several other settlements. That eruption ejected a cloud of stones, ash, and fumes to a height of 33 km (20.5 mi), spewing molten rock and pulverized pumice at the rate of 1.5 million tons per second, ultimately releasing a hundred thousand times the thermal energy released by the Hiroshima bombing. At least 1,000 people died in the eruption. The only surviving eyewitness account of the event consists of two letters by Pliny the Younger to the historian Tacitus.

More about Vesuvius ...

The painter
Joseph Rebell is an Austrian landscape painter.
After studying at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, he stayed in Berne in Switzerland in 1809 and in Milan between 1810 and 1812 at the court of Eugene de Beauharnais and Naples between 1813 and 1815, including the court of Joachim Murat. He then moved to Rome between 1816 and 1824. On this date, he was called to Vienna by Francis I of Austria to run the Belvedere Gallery, where he remained until his death from illness in 1828, when a trip to Dresden.

__________________________________________________
2019 - Wandering Vertexes...
by Francis Rousseau

VESUVIUS PAINTED BY ALBERT MARQUET

 

ALBERT MARQUET (1875–1947)

Mount Vesuvius (1,281m - 4,203ft)

Italy

 In La baie de  Naples et le Vésuve, 1909, Oil on canvas, 62x 80 cm  

Ermitage Museum, Sankt-Petersburg, Russia

The mountain
Mount Vesuvius (1,281 meters- 4,203 ft at present) is one of those legendary and mythic mountains the Earth paid regularly tribute. Monte Vesuvio in Italian modern langage or Mons Vesuvius in antique Latin langage is a stratovolcano in the Gulf of Naples (Italy) about 9 km (5.6 mi) east of Naples and a short distance from the shore.
It is one of several volcanoes which form the Campanian volcanic arc. Vesuvius consists of a large cone partially encircled by the steep rim of a summit caldera caused by the collapse of an earlier and originally much higher structure.
Mount Vesuvius is best known for its eruption in AD 79 that led to the burying and destruction of the Roman antique cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and several other settlements. That eruption ejected a cloud of stones, ash, and fumes to a height of 33 km (20.5 mi), spewing molten rock and pulverized pumice at the rate of 1.5 million tons per second, ultimately releasing a hundred thousand times the thermal energy released by the Hiroshima bombing. At least 1,000 people died in the eruption. The only surviving eyewitness account of the event consists of two letters by Pliny the Younger to the historian Tacitus.
More about Vesuvius ...


The painter
Albert Marquet was a French painter, associated with the Fauvist movement. He initially became one of the Fauve painters and a lifelong friend of Henri Matisse. In 1890 Marquet moved to Paris to attend the Ecole des Arts Decoratifs, where he met Henri Matisse. They were roommates for a time, and they influenced each other's work. Marquet began studies in 1892 at the École des Beaux-Arts de Paris under Gustave Moreau, the famous symbolist artist. In 1905 he exhibited at the Salon d'Automne. Dismayed by the intense coloration in these paintings, critics reacted by naming the artists the "Fauves", i.e. the wild beasts. Although Marquet painted with the fauves for years, he used less bright and violent colours than the others, and emphasized less intense tones made by mixing complementaries, thus always as colors and never as grays.
Marquet subsequently painted in a more naturalistic style, primarily landscapes, but also several portraits and, between 1910 and 1914, several female nude paintings.
From 1907 to his death, Marquet alternated between working in his studio in Paris (a city he painted a lot of times) and many parts of the European coast and in North Africa. He was most involved with Algeria and Algiers and with Tunisia. He remained also impressed particularly with Naples (see above) and Venice where he painted the sea and boats, accenting the light over water. During his voyages to Germany and Sweden he painted the subjects he usually preferred: river and sea views, ports and ships, but also cityscapes.
Marquet was particularly revered by the American painters Leland Bell and his wife Louisa Matthiasdottir. He was also revered by Bell's contemporaries Al Kresch and Gabriel Laderman. Since both Bell and Laderman were teachers in several American art schools, they have had an influence on younger American figurative artists and their appreciation of Marquet.
Matisse said ; "When I look at Hokusai, I think of Marquet—and vice versa ... I don't mean imitation of Hokusai, I mean similarity with him".

_____________________________

2020 - Wandering Vertexes...
by Francis Rousseau

LE VESUVE PEINT PAR ROBERT SCOTT DUNCANSON

 

ROBERT SCOTT DUNCANSON (1821-1872)
Le Vésuve (1,281m)
Italie

In Mount Vesuvius and Pompei ruins, 1879, Huile sur toile, 25.4 x 39.7 cm.
Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington DC

L'artiste
Robert Scott Duncanson,  est le premier artiste afro-américain qui ait été reconnu de son vivant. Selon Joseph D. Ketner, conservateur de la galerie d'art de l'université d'État de Washington, il peint dans la tradition de l'Ecole de l'Hudson River. Il a été souvent inspiré par la littérature romantique anglaise. C'est un artiste peintre assez peu connu aujourd'hui, tant pour ses portraits que ses paysages beaux et sereins, marqués par les espaces encore sauvages de l'Amérique du Nord.
À son retour au domicile de sa mère, Duncanson aurait dit, « je reviens pour être artiste ». Il déménagea à Cincinnati. À cette époque, Cincinnati était connue comme « l'Athènes de l'Occident ». Duncanson possédait le dynamisme et la volonté de devenir artiste, mais il n'avait reçu aucune formation technique. Autodidacte, il apprit en copiant des portraits et des images imprimées. Sa détermination lui permit de voyager dans le monde et de poursuivre une longue carrière, jusqu'à sa mort en 1872. Il peignit plusieurs fois le Vésuve dans une période calme  relatif comme on peut le voir,  mais  il ne le peignit qu'une seule fois en insérant un tableau dans le tableau comme ici avec ce fragment de mur peint dont il est  plutôt difficile d'identifier le sujet.

Le volcan
Le Vésuve (1,281 mètres actuellement) fait partie de ces montagnes légendaires qui se rappelle régulièrement à l'attention des terriens. Monte Vesuvius ou Vesuvio en italien moderne ou Mons Vesuvius en latin antique est un stratovolcan située dans le golfe de Naples (Italie) à environ 9 km (5,6 mi) à l'est de Naples et à une courte distance du rivage. C'est l'un des nombreux volcans qui forment l'Arc Campanien. Il s'est formé à la suite de la collision de deux plaques tectoniques, l'africaine et l'eurasienne. Le Vésuve se compose d'un grand cône partiellement encerclé par le bord escarpé d'une caldeira sommitale causée par l'effondrement d'une structure antérieure et à l'origine beaucoup plus élevée.
Le mont Vésuve est surtout connu pour sa grande  éruption en 79 après JC qui a conduit à l'enterrement et à la destruction des villes antiques romaines de Pompéi, d'Herculanum et de plusieurs autres petits villages. Cette éruption a éjecté un nuage de pierres, de cendres et de fumées à une hauteur de 33 km (20,5 mi), crachant de la roche en fusion et de la pierre ponce pulvérisée à raison de 1,5 million de tonnes par seconde, libérant finalement cent mille fois l'énergie thermique libérée par l'attentat d'Hiroshima. Au moins 1 000 personnes sont mortes dans l'éruption. Le seul récit de témoin oculaire survivant de l'événement consiste en deux lettres de Pline le Jeune à l'historien Tacite. Depuis l'an 79, le Vésuve est entré en éruption environ trois douzaines de fois.
En 203, du vivant de l'historien Cassius Dio.
En 472, il a éjecté un tel volume de cendres que des chutes de cendres ont été signalées jusqu'à Constantinople à 1 220 km) de là.
Les éruptions de 512 ont été si graves que les habitants des pentes du Vésuve ont été exonérés d'impôts par Théodoric le Grand, alors le roi d'Italie.
D'autres éruptions ont été enregistrées en 787, 968, 991, 999, 1007 et 1036 avec les premières coulées de lave enregistrées. Le volcan s'est calmé à la fin du XIIIe siècle et dans les années suivantes, il s'est à nouveau couvert de jardins et de vignes comme autrefois. Même l'intérieur du cratère était rempli d'arbustes.
Le Vésuve est entré dans une nouvelle phase en décembre 1631, lorsqu'une éruption majeure a enseveli de nombreux villages sous des coulées de lave, tuant environ 3 000 personnes. Des torrents de lahar ont  ajouté à la dévastation. L'activité est ensuite devenue presque continue, avec des éruptions relativement graves se produisant en 1660, 1682, 1694, 1698, 1707, 1737, 1760, 1767, 1779, 1794, 1822, 1834, 1839, 1850, 1855, 1861, 1868, 1872, 1906 1926, 1929 et 1944. De nos jours, il est considéré comme l'un des volcans les plus dangereux au monde en raison de la population de 3 000 000 de personnes vivant à proximité et de sa tendance aux éruptions explosives (dites éruptions pliniennes). C'est la région volcanique la plus densément peuplée au monde.

La zone autour du Vésuve a été officiellement déclarée parc national le 5 juin 1995. Le sommet du Vésuve est ouvert aux visiteurs et il existe un petit réseau de sentiers autour de la montagne

_________________________________________

2022 - Wandering Vertexes ....
            Errant au-dessus des Sommets Silencieux...
            Un blog de Francis Rousseau

LE VÉSUVE PEINT PAR JOSEPH STELLA

JOSEPH STELLA (1877-1946)
Le Vésuve (1,281m)
Italie

In Neapolitan Song , 1929, Huile sur toile, 97.5 x 71.7 cm.
Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington DC

L'artiste
Joseph Stella, né Giuseppe Michele Stella len Italie pres de Naples est un peintre américain d'origine italienne.  Il a participé entre autres aux écoles futuriste et précisionniste. Dès son plus jeune âge, il montra un talent exceptionnel pour le dessin.
Stella déménagea à New York en 1896, à l'âge de dix-neuf ans. Il étudia à l'Art Students League ainsi qu'à la New York School of Art où il étudia avec William Merritt Chase.
Dans les années 1930, le travail de Stella progressa rapidement d'un style à l'autre. Dans le cadre du projet artistique fédéral auquel il participa, il voyagea en Europe, en Afrique du Nord et aux Antilles. Chacun de ces lieux avait non seulement ses propres paysages et ses propres manifestations culturelles qui fournissaient de nouveaux sujets, mais aussi ses propres styles artistiques qui affectaient inévitablement la manière dont Stella peignait. Au cours de cette période, il créa de nombreuses pièces sur le thème de la ville, des pièces religieuses, des croquis botaniques et naturels, des paysages des Caraïbes et des fruits et légumes et fleurs des natures mortes. Ses peintures allaient du réalisme figuratif à l'abstrait et au surréalisme. Cette variation constante entre les styles finit par lui faire perdre sa renommée d'artiste. Il n'était plus aligné sur aucun mouvement et ses œuvres devinrent beaucoup plus particulières et individuelles.En conséquence, il se coupa du monde de l'art à New York et sa fortune s'effondra. Le travail de Stella reflète les personnages et les styles de vie de la ville de New York ainsi que son expérience personnelle à New York. À son arrivée à New York, il se concentra sur la vie des migrants et peignit des scènes les représentant en portraits ou dans leurs activités familières. Plus tard, il se concentra davantage sur le centre-ville de New York et réalisa des portraits d'autres artistes fortunés. Dans chaque cas, il représentait le style de vie auquel il était habitué à New York. Ses voyages en Afrique du Nord et dans les Caraïbes le ramenèrent à ses racines immigrées, ce qui généra en lui une crise d'identité interne ardue dans les années 1930. Cette crise se traduisait clairement par son incapacité à s'en tenir à un style ou à un sujet donnés. Cela prouvait également que pour Stella, l’art avait toujours été une expression personnelle et non une source d’argent. Il savait que son travail le plus précieux aurait été de s'en tenir à des œuvres modernistes dans les années 1930, mais il ne s'intéressait plus désormais au modernisme. Stella a toujours peint ce qu'il voulait et comme il le voulait.

Le volcan
Le Vésuve (1,281 mètres actuellement) fait partie de ces montagnes légendaires qui se rappelle régulièrement à l'attention des terriens. Monte Vesuvius ou Vesuvio en italien moderne ou Mons Vesuvius en latin antique est un stratovolcan située dans le golfe de Naples (Italie) à environ 9 km (5,6 mi) à l'est de Naples et à une courte distance du rivage. C'est l'un des nombreux volcans qui forment l'Arc Campanien. Il s'est formé à la suite de la collision de deux plaques tectoniques, l'africaine et l'eurasienne. Le Vésuve se compose d'un grand cône partiellement encerclé par le bord escarpé d'une caldeira sommitale causée par l'effondrement d'une structure antérieure et à l'origine beaucoup plus élevée.
Le mont Vésuve est surtout connu pour sa grande  éruption en 79 après JC qui a conduit à l'enterrement et à la destruction des villes antiques romaines de Pompéi, d'Herculanum et de plusieurs autres petits villages. Cette éruption a éjecté un nuage de pierres, de cendres et de fumées à une hauteur de 33 km (20,5 mi), crachant de la roche en fusion et de la pierre ponce pulvérisée à raison de 1,5 million de tonnes par seconde, libérant finalement cent mille fois l'énergie thermique libérée par l'attentat d'Hiroshima. Au moins 1 000 personnes sont mortes dans l'éruption. Le seul récit de témoin oculaire survivant de l'événement consiste en deux lettres de Pline le Jeune à l'historien Tacite. Depuis l'an 79, le Vésuve est entré en éruption environ trois douzaines de fois.
En 203, du vivant de l'historien Cassius Dio.
En 472, il a éjecté un tel volume de cendres que des chutes de cendres ont été signalées jusqu'à Constantinople à 1 220 km) de là.
Les éruptions de 512 ont été si graves que les habitants des pentes du Vésuve ont été exonérés d'impôts par Théodoric le Grand, alors le roi d'Italie.
D'autres éruptions ont été enregistrées en 787, 968, 991, 999, 1007 et 1036 avec les premières coulées de lave enregistrées. Le volcan s'est calmé à la fin du XIIIe siècle et dans les années suivantes, il s'est à nouveau couvert de jardins et de vignes comme autrefois. Même l'intérieur du cratère était rempli d'arbustes.
Le Vésuve est entré dans une nouvelle phase en décembre 1631, lorsqu'une éruption majeure a enseveli de nombreux villages sous des coulées de lave, tuant environ 3 000 personnes. Des torrents de lahar ont  ajouté à la dévastation. L'activité est ensuite devenue presque continue, avec des éruptions relativement graves se produisant en 1660, 1682, 1694, 1698, 1707, 1737, 1760, 1767, 1779, 1794, 1822, 1834, 1839, 1850, 1855, 1861, 1868, 1872, 1906 1926, 1929 et 1944. De nos jours, il est considéré comme l'un des volcans les plus dangereux au monde en raison de la population de 3 000 000 de personnes vivant à proximité et de sa tendance aux éruptions explosives (dites éruptions pliniennes). C'est la région volcanique la plus densément peuplée au monde.
La zone autour du Vésuve a été officiellement déclarée parc national le 5 juin 1995. Le sommet du Vésuve est ouvert aux visiteurs et il existe un petit réseau de sentiers autour de la montagne

_________________________________________

2024 - Wandering Vertexes ....
Gravir les montagnes en peinture
Un blog de Francis Rousseau

 

LE VÉSUVE DÉSSINÉ PÄR JOHN AULDJO

JOHN AULDJO ( 1805-1886)
Le Vésuve (1,281 mètres actuellement)
Italie

In " Auldjo in the white pants, leaning on a rock and contemplating a spewing lava dome ", watercolor,  Linda Hall Library

Le peintre
John Richardson Auldjo était un voyageur, géologue, écrivain et artiste canado-britannique. Il était consul britannique à Genève. John Auldjo est né dans une grande famille de marchands et d'hommes politiques de Montréal. En 1822, Auldjo entra au Trinity College de Cambridge . Avant de se lancer dans son Grand Tour, il s'est assuré une place au Lincoln's Inn, à Londres. En 1827, au début de sa tournée, il décide de monter au sommet du Mont Blanc accompagné de six guides. Au sommet, il partage une bouteille de vin avec les guides, puis s'assoid pour écrire une courte lettre à sa sœur. La lettre, encore conservée aujourd'hui et signée au dos par les six guides, est l'un des éléments les plus pittoresques des Archives du Club Alpin. Le récit de l'ascension, qu'il écrivit en 1828 augmenté de ses propres illustrations, fut un succès immédiat et connut trois éditions successives.
En 1830, il prend la décision de rester en Europe en donnant procuration sur ses propriétés canadiennes à son avocat, Thomas Kirkpatrick. A partir de ce moment là , Auldjo a vécu à Naples et devint l'un des piliers du cercle de Sir William Gell. Ce cercle très fermé comprenait Sir William Drummond, Keppel Richard Craven Lady Blessington Sir Walter Scott et Edward Bulwer-Lytton, qui était l'ami particulièrement proche d'Auldjo. Lord Byron, un autre invité fréquent à Naples, lui était également bien connu. En 1831, Auldjo entreprend de grimper sur le Vésuve alors que celui ci connait une période d'activité intense. Il publie à son retour un livre rempli de lithographies coloriées à la main du volcan en pleine éruption.Ses recherches sur le Vésuve ont ensuite été récompensées par des bourses à la Royal Society et à la Royal Geographical Society.
En 1833, il se rend Constantinople et dans les îles grecques et publie un récit de son séjour. Franc-maçon actif, il est nommé en 1837, grand maître du Haut-Canada et, à ce titre, à la fin de l'été de cette année-là, il s'y rendit. Entre-temps, son frère, qui séjournait avec lui à Naples , mourut.Il retourna à Londres et fut noté pour la dernière fois dans les archives des francs-maçons comme assistant à une réunion en 1841–2. On perd ensuie totalement sa trace avant qu'il ne réeapparaisse à Genève en 1870, à l'occasion d'un entretien avec son avocat, Sir George Airey Kirkpatrick, au sujet de la propriété canadienne. Il a occupé le poste non rémunéré de consul britannique à Genève de 1872 jusqu'à sa mort en 1886. Il y est enterré au cimetière de la Châtelaine.


Le volcan
Le Vésuve (1,281 mètres actuellement) fait partie de ces montagnes légendaires qui se rappelle régulièrement à l'attention des terriens. Monte Vesuvius ou Vesuvio en italien moderne ou Mons Vesuvius en latin antique est un stratovolcan située dans le golfe de Naples (Italie) à environ 9 km (5,6 mi) à l'est de Naples et à une courte distance du rivage. C'est l'un des nombreux volcans qui forment l'Arc Campanien. Il s'est formé à la suite de la collision de deux plaques tectoniques, l'africaine et l'eurasienne. Le Vésuve se compose d'un grand cône partiellement encerclé par le bord escarpé d'une caldeira sommitale causée par l'effondrement d'une structure antérieure et à l'origine beaucoup plus élevée.
Le mont Vésuve est surtout connu pour sa grande éruption en 79 après JC qui a conduit à l'enterrement et à la destruction des villes antiques romaines de Pompéi, d'Herculanum et de plusieurs autres petits villages. Cette éruption a éjecté un nuage de pierres, de cendres et de fumées à une hauteur de 33 km (20,5 mi), crachant de la roche en fusion et de la pierre ponce pulvérisée à raison de 1,5 million de tonnes par seconde, libérant finalement cent mille fois l'énergie thermique libérée par l'attentat d'Hiroshima. Au moins 1 000 personnes sont mortes dans l'éruption. Le seul récit de témoin oculaire survivant de l'événement consiste en deux lettres de Pline le Jeune à l'historien Tacite. Depuis l'an 79, le Vésuve est entré en éruption environ trois douzaines de fois.
En 203, du vivant de l'historien Cassius Dio.
En 472, il a éjecté un tel volume de cendres que des chutes de cendres ont été signalées jusqu'à Constantinople à 1 220 km) de là.
Les éruptions de 512 ont été si graves que les habitants des pentes du Vésuve ont été exonérés d'impôts par Théodoric le Grand, alors le roi d'Italie.
D'autres éruptions ont été enregistrées en 787, 968, 991, 999, 1007 et 1036 avec les premières coulées de lave enregistrées. Le volcan s'est calmé à la fin du XIIIe siècle et dans les années suivantes, il s'est à nouveau couvert de jardins et de vignes comme autrefois. Même l'intérieur du cratère était rempli d'arbustes.
Le Vésuve est entré dans une nouvelle phase en décembre 1631, lorsqu'une éruption majeure a enseveli de nombreux villages sous des coulées de lave, tuant environ 3 000 personnes. Des torrents de lahar ont ajouté à la dévastation. L'activité est ensuite devenue presque continue, avec des éruptions relativement graves se produisant en 1660, 1682, 1694, 1698, 1707, 1737, 1760, 1767, 1779, 1794, 1822, 1834, 1839, 1850, 1855, 1861, 1868, 1872, 1906 1926, 1929 et 1944. De nos jours, il est considéré comme l'un des volcans les plus dangereux au monde en raison de la population de 3 000 000 de personnes vivant à proximité et de sa tendance aux éruptions explosives (dites éruptions pliniennes). C'est la région volcanique la plus densément peuplée au monde. La zone autour du Vésuve a été officiellement déclarée parc national le 5 juin 1995. Le sommet du Vésuve est ouvert aux visiteurs et il existe un petit réseau de sentiers autour de la montagne

_________________________________________

2023 - Gravir les montagnes en peinture...
Un blog de Francis Rousseau

MONTE PELLEGRINO BY CONRAD PETER SCHREIBER

CONRAD PETER SCHREIBER (1816-1894)

Monte Pellegrino (606 m-1,988 ft) 

 Italy (Sicily) 

In Monte Pellegrino vista on Palermo, watercolour, 1840 

The mountain 

Monte Pellegrino (606 m-1,988 ft) is a hill facing east on the bay of Palermo, Sicily, southern Italy, located north of the city, with panorama views of the city, its surrounding mountains and the Tyrrhenian Sea. In his book Travels in Italy, Goethe described Monte Pellegrino as " the most beautiful promontory in the world ". The mountain is home to the sanctuary of Saint Rosalia, the patron saint of Palermo and it's nowadays a natural reserve.

The painter

Peter Conrad Schreiber was a German painter. In 1835-36 he studied  with the already legendary landscape painter Carl Blechen at the Berlin Academy of Arts. At the same time he belonged to the private student circle of the the representative of the Düsseldorf Landscape School, Wilhelm Schirmer who "inoculated the yearning for Italy" which was to determine his later major work. 

From autumn 1837 Schreiber studied in Munich. In Munich, he was particularly impressed by the works of Carl Rottmann. He undertook study trips to Salzburg and Tyrol  having contact with many young painters.

In 1839 Schreiber moved to Rome into an apartment in Via della Vite 107, near the Basilica of San Lorenzo in Lucina. From here he undertook numerous study trips. In the summer of 1840, for instance, with Johann Wilhelm Schirmer and Bernhard Fries in the Sabine mountains. The undeveloped Campagna Romana in the south of Rome was for him landscaped "the most beautiful thing there can be."  At the end of his stay in Italy in 1841, he was an eyewitness to the famous  eruption of Mount Vesuvius, which deeply impressed him and influenced as much as other impressions of Italy's life's work decisively. 

Schreiber was a typical representative of Romanticism to late romanticism. Against the backdrop of nature, which at times is mystical and fantastically exaggerated, Schreiber's work and his work seem small and insignificant. In doing so, he fulfills the need  for an emotional balance to the rapidly advancing industrialization - the yearning for the grandeur and eternal grandeur of nature, which should give its foothold.

He had a good clientele until the end of his life.  He was not only a landscape painter appreciated in Germany. From a letter written by Ferdinand Bellermann, we also know that Schreiber "always had many orders to London and Paris".

ETNA or MONGIBELLO PAINTED BY THOMAS COLE

THOMAS COLE (1801-1848)

 Mount Etna or Mongibello (3,329 m - 10,922ft) 

 Italy (Sicily) 

 In Etna from Taormina, 1843, oil on canvas,  Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art, Hartford

The mountain 

Mount Etna (3,329 m - 10,922ft) or Mongibello, Mungibeddu in Sicilian, Aetna in Latin is an active stratovolcano on the east coast of Sicily, in the Province of Catania, between Messina and Catania. It lies above the convergent plate margin between the African Plate and the Eurasian Plate. It is the tallest active volcano in Europe. It is the highest mountain in Italy south of the Alps. Etna covers an area of 1,190 km2 (459 sq mi) with a basal circumference of 140 km. This makes it by far the largest of the three active volcanoes in Italy, being about two and a half times the height of the next largest, Mount Vesuvius. Only Mount Teide in Tenerife surpasses it in the whole of the European–North-African region.

In Greek Mythology, the deadly monster Typhon was trapped under this mountain by Zeus, the god of the sky and thunder and king of gods, and the forges of Hephaestus were said to also be located underneath it.

Mount Etna is one of the most active volcanoes in the world and is in an almost constant state of activity. The fertile volcanic soils support extensive agriculture, with vineyards and orchards spread across the lower slopes of the mountain and the broad Plain of Catania to the south. 

Due to its history of recent activity and nearby population, Mount Etna has been designated a Decade Volcano by the United Nations.

 In June 2013, it was added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Volcanic activity first took place at Etna about 500,000 years ago, with eruptions occurring beneath the sea off the ancient coastline of Sicily.[ About 300,000 years ago, volcanism began occurring to the southwest of the summit (center top of volcano) then, before activity moved towards the present centre 170,000 years ago. Eruptions at this time built up the first major volcanic edifice, forming a stratovolcano in alternating explosive and effusive eruptions. The growth of the mountain was occasionally interrupted by major eruptions, leading to the collapse of the summit to form calderas.

From about 35,000 to 15,000 years ago, Etna experienced some highly explosive eruptions, generating large pyroclastic flows, which left extensive ignimbrite deposits. Ash from these eruptions has been found as far away as south of Rome's border, 800 km (497 mi) to the north.

Thousands of years ago, the eastern flank of the mountain experienced a catastrophic collapse, generating an enormous landslide in an event similar to that seen in the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. The landslide left a large depression in the side of the volcano, known as 'Valle del Bove' (Valley of the Ox). Research published in 2006 suggested this occurred around 8000 years ago, and caused a huge tsunami, which left its mark in several places in the eastern Mediterranean. It may have been the reason the settlement of Atlit Yam (Israel), now below sea level, was suddenly abandoned around that time.

The steep walls of the valley have suffered subsequent collapses on numerous occasions. The strata exposed in the valley walls provide an important and easily accessible record of Etna's eruptive history.

The most recent collapse event at the summit of Etna is thought to have occurred about 2,000 years ago, forming what is known as the Piano Caldera. This caldera has been almost entirely filled by subsequent lava eruptions, but is still visible as a distinct break in the slope of the mountain near the base of the present-day summit cone.

Etna is one of Sicily's main tourist attractions, with thousands of visitors every year. 

- The most common route is through the road leading to Sapienza Refuge ski area, lying at the south of the crater at elevation of 1910 m. From the Refuge, a cableway runs uphill to an elevation of 2500 m, from where the crater area at 2920 m is accessible.

- Stage 9 of the 2011 Giro d'Italia finished at the Sapienza Refuge. Alberto Contador initially took the win, but he was later disqualified and the stage win passed onto Jose Rujano.

- Ferrovia Circumetnea – Round-Etna railway – is a narrow-gauge railway constructed between 1889 and 1895. It runs around the volcano in a 110-km long semi-circle starting in Catania and ending in Riposto 28 km north of Catania.

- There are two ski resorts on Etna: one at the Sapienza Refuge, with a chairlift and three ski lifts, and a smaller one on the north, at Piano Provenzana, with three lifts and a chairlift.

The painter 

Thomas Cole (1801– 848) was an American artist known for his landscape and history paintings. He is regarded as the founder of the Hudson River School, an American art movement that flourished in the mid-19th century. Cole's work is known for its romantic portrayal of the American wilderness.

In New York, Cole sold five paintings to George W. Bruen, who financed a summer trip to the Hudson Valley where the artist produced two Views of Coldspring, the Catskill Mountain House and painted famous Kaaterskill Falls and the ruins of Fort Putnam. Returning to New York, he displayed five landscapes in the window of William Colman's bookstore; according to the New York Evening Post Two Views of Coldspring were purchased by Mr. A. Seton, who lent them to the American Academy of the Fine Arts annual exhibition in 1826. This garnered Cole the attention of John Trumbull, Asher B. Durand, and William Dunlap. Among the paintings was a landscape called "View of Fort Ticonderoga from Gelyna". Trumbull was especially impressed with the work of the young artist and sought him out, bought one of his paintings, and put him into contact with a number of his wealthy friends including Robert Gilmor of Baltimore and Daniel Wadsworth of Hartford, who became important patrons of the artist.

Cole was primarily a painter of landscapes, but he also painted allegorical works. Cole influenced his artistic peers, especially Asher B. Durand and Frederic Edwin Church, who studied with Cole from 1844 to 1846. Cole spent the years 1829 to 1832 and 1841 to 1842 abroad, mainly in England and Italy.

Thomas Cole died at Catskill on February 11, 1848. The fourth highest peak in the Catskills is named Thomas Cole Mountain in his honor. 

MOUNT ETNA BY AKSELI GALLEN-KALLELA

AKSELI GALLEN-KALLELA (1865-1931)

 Mount Etna or Mongibello (3,329 m - 10,922ft) 

 Italy (Sicily) 

In  Mount Etna in 1900 

The mountain 
Mount Etna (3,329 m - 10,922ft) or Mongibello, Mungibeddu in Sicilian, Aetna in Latin is an active stratovolcano on the east coast of Sicily, in the Province of Catania, between Messina and Catania. It lies above the convergent plate margin between the African Plate and the Eurasian Plate. It is the tallest active volcano in Europe. It is the highest mountain in Italy south of the Alps. Etna covers an area of 1,190 km2 (459 sq mi) with a basal circumference of 140 km. This makes it by far the largest of the three active volcanoes in Italy, being about two and a half times the height of the next largest, Mount Vesuvius. Only Mount Teide in Tenerife surpasses it in the whole of the European–North-African region. In Greek Mythology, the deadly monster Typhon was trapped under this mountain by Zeus, the god of the sky and thunder and king of gods, and the forges of Hephaestus were said to also be located underneath it.
Mount Etna is one of the most active volcanoes in the world and is in an almost constant state of activity. The fertile volcanic soils support extensive agriculture, with vineyards and orchards spread across the lower slopes of the mountain and the broad Plain of Catania to the south.
Due to its history of recent activity and nearby population, Mount Etna has been designated a Decade Volcano by the United Nations. In June 2013, it was added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Volcanic activity first took place at Etna about 500,000 years ago, with eruptions occurring beneath the sea off the ancient coastline of Sicily.[ About 300,000 years ago, volcanism began occurring to the southwest of the summit (center top of volcano) then, before activity moved towards the present centre 170,000 years ago. Eruptions at this time built up the first major volcanic edifice, forming a stratovolcano in alternating explosive and effusive eruptions. The growth of the mountain was occasionally interrupted by major eruptions, leading to the collapse of the summit to form calderas.
From about 35,000 to 15,000 years ago, Etna experienced some highly explosive eruptions, generating large pyroclastic flows, which left extensive ignimbrite deposits. Ash from these eruptions has been found as far away as south of Rome's border, 800 km (497 mi) to the north.
Thousands of years ago, the eastern flank of the mountain experienced a catastrophic collapse, generating an enormous landslide in an event similar to that seen in the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. The landslide left a large depression in the side of the volcano, known as 'Valle del Bove' (Valley of the Ox). Research published in 2006 suggested this occurred around 8000 years ago, and caused a huge tsunami, which left its mark in several places in the eastern Mediterranean. It may have been the reason the settlement of Atlit Yam (Israel), now below sea level, was suddenly abandoned around that time. The steep walls of the valley have suffered subsequent collapses on numerous occasions. The strata exposed in the valley walls provide an important and easily accessible record of Etna's eruptive history. The most recent collapse event at the summit of Etna is thought to have occurred about 2,000 years ago, forming what is known as the Piano Caldera. This caldera has been almost entirely filled by subsequent lava eruptions, but is still visible as a distinct break in the slope of the mountain near the base of the present-day summit cone.

The painter 
Akseli Gallen-Kallela was a Swedish-speaking Finnish painter who is best known for his illustrations of the Kalevala, the Finnish national epic. His work was considered very important for the Finnish national identity. He changed his name from Gallen to Gallen-Kallela in 1907. In 1884 he moved to Paris, to study at the Académie Julian and became friends with the Finnish painter Albert Edelfelt, the Norwegian painter Adam Dörnberger, and the Swedish writer August Strindberg.
In December 1894, Gallen-Kallela moved to Berlin to oversee the joint exhibition of his works with the works of Norwegian painter Edvard Munch. Here he became acquainted with the Symbolists.
On his return from Germany, Gallen studied print-making and visited London to deepen his knowledge, and in 1898 studied fresco-painting in Italy.
For the Paris World Fair in 1900, Gallen-Kallela painted frescoes for the Finnish Pavilion. In these frescoes, his political ideas became most apparent.Gallen-Kallela officially finnicized his name to the more Finnish-sounding Akseli Gallen-Kallela in 1907.
In 1909, Gallen-Kallela moved to Nairobi in Kenya with his family, and there he painted over 150 expressionist oil paintings and bought many east African artefacts. But he returned to Finland after a couple of years, because he realized Finland was his main inspiration. Between 1911 and 1913 he designed and built a studio and house at Tarvaspää, about 10 km northwest of the centre of Helsinki.
From December 1923 to May 1926, Gallen-Kallela lived in the United States, where an exhibition of his work toured several cities, and where he visited the Taos art-colony in New Mexico to study indigenous American art. In 1925 he began the illustrations for his "Great Kalevala". This was still unfinished when he died of pneumonia in Stockholm on 7 March 1931, while returning from a lecture in Copenhagen, Denmark
His studio and house at Tarvaspää was opened as the Gallen-Kallela Museum in 1961

MOUNT ETNA PAINTED BY CARL ROTTMANN

CARL ROTTMANN (1797-1850)

Mount Etna or Mongibello (3,329 m - 10,922ft) 

 Italy (Sicily) 

In  Mount Etna and  Taormina,  oil on canvas, 1825, Neue Pinakothek Munchen 

The mountain 

Mount Etna (3,329 m - 10,922ft) or Mongibello, Mungibeddu in Sicilian, Aetna in Latin is an active stratovolcano on the east coast of Sicily, in the Province of Catania, between Messina and Catania. It lies above the convergent plate margin between the African Plate and the Eurasian Plate. It is the tallest active volcano in Europe. It is the highest mountain in Italy south of the Alps. Etna covers an area of 1,190 km2 (459 sq mi) with a basal circumference of 140 km. This makes it by far the largest of the three active volcanoes in Italy, being about two and a half times the height of the next largest, Mount Vesuvius. Only Mount Teide in Tenerife surpasses it in the whole of the European–North-African region.

In Greek Mythology, the deadly monster Typhon was trapped under this mountain by Zeus, the god of the sky and thunder and king of gods, and the forges of Hephaestus were said to also be located underneath it.

Mount Etna is one of the most active volcanoes in the world and is in an almost constant state of activity. The fertile volcanic soils support extensive agriculture, with vineyards and orchards spread across the lower slopes of the mountain and the broad Plain of Catania to the south. 

Due to its history of recent activity and nearby population, Mount Etna has been designated a Decade Volcano by the United Nations.

 In June 2013, it was added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Volcanic activity first took place at Etna about 500,000 years ago, with eruptions occurring beneath the sea off the ancient coastline of Sicily.[ About 300,000 years ago, volcanism began occurring to the southwest of the summit (center top of volcano) then, before activity moved towards the present centre 170,000 years ago. Eruptions at this time built up the first major volcanic edifice, forming a stratovolcano in alternating explosive and effusive eruptions. The growth of the mountain was occasionally interrupted by major eruptions, leading to the collapse of the summit to form calderas.

From about 35,000 to 15,000 years ago, Etna experienced some highly explosive eruptions, generating large pyroclastic flows, which left extensive ignimbrite deposits. Ash from these eruptions has been found as far away as south of Rome's border, 800 km (497 mi) to the north.

Thousands of years ago, the eastern flank of the mountain experienced a catastrophic collapse, generating an enormous landslide in an event similar to that seen in the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. The landslide left a large depression in the side of the volcano, known as 'Valle del Bove' (Valley of the Ox). Research published in 2006 suggested this occurred around 8000 years ago, and caused a huge tsunami, which left its mark in several places in the eastern Mediterranean. It may have been the reason the settlement of Atlit Yam (Israel), now below sea level, was suddenly abandoned around that time.

The steep walls of the valley have suffered subsequent collapses on numerous occasions. The strata exposed in the valley walls provide an important and easily accessible record of Etna's eruptive history.

The most recent collapse event at the summit of Etna is thought to have occurred about 2,000 years ago, forming what is known as the Piano Caldera. This caldera has been almost entirely filled by subsequent lava eruptions, but is still visible as a distinct break in the slope of the mountain near the base of the present-day summit cone.

The painter

Carl Anton Joseph Rottmann was a German landscape painter and the most famous member of the Rottmann family of painters. Rottmann belonged to the circle of artists around the Ludwig I of Bavaria, who commissioned large landscape paintings exclusively from him. He is best known for mythical and heroising landscapes. The landscape painter Karl Lindemann-Frommel belonged to his school. Rottmann received his first drawing lessons from his father, Friedrich Rottmann, who taught drawing at the university in Heidelberg. He formed himself chiefly through the study of nature and of great masterworks. In his first artistic period, he painted atmospheric phenomena. After gaining prominence with Heidelberg at Sunset (a water color), and Castle Eltz, he settled in Munich in 1822 and devoted himself to Bavarian scenery. Here his second period began, and in 1824 he married Friedericke, the daughter of his uncle, Friedrich Ludwig von Sckell, who served as an attendant at court. Through this connection, he made the acquaintance of King Ludwig I of Bavaria, who in 1826/27 sponsored his travels in Italy in order to widen his repertoire, which up to that point consisted solely of domestic, German, landscapes. In Italy, Rottmann made sketches for the 28 Italian landscapes in fresco which he was commissioned to paint in the arcades of the Hofgarten at Munich. The cycle, completed in 1833, gave visual expression to Ludwig’s alliance with Italy, and raised the genre of landscape painting to the height of history painting, the preferred mode of the King’s other great commissions for monumental painting. The frescos unfortunately deteriorated under climatic influences. The cartoons for them are in the Darmstadt Gallery. In 1834 Rottmann traveled to Greece to prepare for a commission from Ludwig for a second cycle; one might mark here the beginning of his third period. At first also intended for the Hofgarten arcade, the 23 great landscapes were eventually installed in the newly built Neue Pinakothek where they were given their own hall.