LE MONT SAINT MICHEL PEINT PAR JAMES WEBB

JAMES WEBB (1835-1895)
Le Mont Saint-Michel (92 m - 302 ft
France (Normandie)

La montagne
Le Mont-Saint-Michel (92 m - 302 ft) est une commune insulaire de Normandie, en France. Le Mont Saint-Michel (d'abord appelé Mont Tombe) est constitué de leucogranite, qui s'est solidifié à partir d'une intrusion souterraine de magma en fusion il y a environ 525 millions d'années, pendant la période cambrienne. Il est situé à environ un kilomètre au large de la côte nord-ouest du pays, à l'embouchure de la rivière Couesnon près d'Avranches et a une superficie de 100 hectares (247 acres).
L'île a tenu des fortifications stratégiques depuis l'Antiquité. Depuis le 8ème siècle de l' ère chrétienne, elle est le siège du monastère dont elle tire son nom. La composition structurelle de la ville illustre la société féodale qui l'a construite : au sommet, Dieu, l'abbaye et le monastère ; en bas, les grandes salles ; puis magasins et logements ; et au fond, à l'extérieur des murs, des maisons de pêcheurs et d'agriculteurs. La position de la commune la rendait accessible à marée basse aux nombreux pèlerins de son abbaye, mais défendable car une marée montante échouait, chassait ou noyait les assaillants potentiels. Le Mont est resté invaincu pendant la guerre de Cent Ans ; une petite garnison repoussa une  attaque des Anglais en 1433. Les bénéfices de sa défense naturelle ne sont pas perdus pour Louis XI, qui transforme le Mont en prison. A partir de ce moment là,  l'abbaye fut de plus  utilisée plus régulièrement comme prison pendant toute la période  monarchique.  Le Mont Saint Michel est l'un des monuments les plus reconnaissables de France, visité par plus de 3 millions de personnes chaque année, avec sa baie il est inscrit sur la liste du patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO. Plus de 60 bâtiments de la commune sont protégés au titre des "Monuments historiques".
Au 11e siècle, l'architecte italien William di Volpiano fut choisi par Richard II, duc de Normandie, pour être l'entrepreneur de construction de l'église du Mont Saint-Michel. Il conçoit l'église romane de l'abbaye, plaçant audacieusement la croisée du transept au sommet du mont. De nombreuses cryptes et chapelles souterraines ont dû être construites pour compenser ce poids ; ceux-ci ont formé la base de la structure ascendante de soutien que l'on peut voir aujourd'hui.
Robert de Thorigny, grand partisan d'Henri II d'Angleterre (également duc de Normandie), renforce la structure des bâtiments et construit la façade principale de l'église au 12e siècle.
En 1204, Guy de Thouars, régent de la duchesse de Bretagne, vassal du roi de France, entreprend le siège du Mont. Après avoir incendié le village et massacré la population, il fut obligé de battre en retraite sous les puissantes murailles de l'abbaye. Les bâtiments et les toits ont été la proie des flammes. Horrifié par la cruauté et les exactions de son allié breton, Philippe Auguste offrit à l'abbé Jordan une subvention pour la construction d'un nouvel ensemble architectural gothique qui comprenait l'adjonction du réfectoire et du cloître.
On attribue à Charles VI l'ajout de fortifications majeures au mont abbatial, la construction de tours, de cours successives et le renforcement des remparts.
Depuis 2001, une communauté de moines et de moniales des Fraternités monastiques de Jérusalem, envoyées de la maison-mère de St-Gervais-et-St-Protais à Paris, vit en communauté sur le Mont Saint-Michel. Ils ont remplacé les moines bénédictins revenus au Mont en 1966. Ils sont locataires du Centre des Monuments Historiques Nationaux et ne participent pas à la gestion de l'abbaye. La communauté se réunit quatre fois par jour pour réciter l'office liturgique dans l'abbaye même (ou dans la crypte de Notre-Dame des Trente Cierges en hiver). De cette manière, le bâtiment conserve sa vocation première de lieu de prière et de chant de la gloire de Dieu. La présence de la communauté attire de nombreux visiteurs et pèlerins qui viennent se joindre aux différentes célébrations liturgiques.
En 2012, la communauté a entrepris la rénovation d'une maison sur le Mont, le Logis Saint-Abraham, qui sert de maison d'accueil pour les pèlerins en retraite

Le peintre
James Webb (1835–1895),  qui n'a aucun rapport avec le télescope spatial du même nom,  était un peintre britannique spécialisé dans les vues et paysages marins bine qu'il vécut toute sa vie à Chelsea, Londres !   était né dans une famille d'artistes. Son père Archibald Webb et son frère Byron Webb étaient également des peintres réputés. Il exposa à Londres à la Royal Academy et au British Institute entre 1850 et 1888, et nombre de ses œuvres sont toujours accrochées à Londres dans les collections du Victoria and Albert Museum et de la Tate Gallery . D'autres œuvres se retrouvent dans un grand nombre de galeries provinciales. Webb était un élève de Clarkson Frederick Stanfield .

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2023 - Wandering Vertexes ....
            Errant au-dessus des Sommets Silencieux...
            Un blog de Francis Rousseau

 

MONT SAINT-MICHEL BY THE LIMBOURG BROTHERS

THE LIMBOURG BROTHERS (1385-1416) 

 Mont Saint-Michel (92 m - 302 ft)

France (Normandie)

In Le Mont Saint Michel - La Fête de l'Archange, Tempera on velum, 1411-1416,
in The Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry, Musée Condé, Chantilly, France

The mount  

Le Mont-Saint-Michel (92 m - 302 ft) is an island commune in Normandy, France. Mont Saint-Michel (first called Mont Tombe) consists of leucogranite, which solidified from an underground intrusion of molten magma about 525 million years ago, during the Cambrian period, as one of the younger parts of the Mancellian granitic batholith. Early studies of Mont Saint-Michel by French geologists sometimes describe the leucogranite of the Mont as "granulite", but this granitic meaning of granulite is now obsolete.

It is located about one kilometre (0.6 miles) off the country's northwestern coast, at the mouth of the Couesnon River near Avranches and is 100 hectares (247 acres) in size.

The island has held strategic fortifications since ancient times and since the 8th century AD has been the seat of the monastery from which it draws its name. The structural composition of the town exemplifies the feudal society that constructed it: on top, God, the abbey and monastery; below, the great halls; then stores and housing; and at the bottom, outside the walls, houses for fishermen and farmers. The commune's position - on an island just 600 m from land - made it accessible at low tide to the many pilgrims to its abbey, but defensible as an incoming tide stranded, drove off, or drowned would-be assailants. The Mont remained unconquered during the Hundred Years' War; a small garrison fended off a full attack by the English in 1433.  The reverse benefits of its natural defence were not lost on Louis XI, who turned the Mont into a prison. Thereafter the abbey began to be used more regularly as a jail during the monarchy.

One of France's most recognizable landmarks, visited by more than 3 million people each year, Mont Saint-Michel and its bay are on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.

 Over 60 buildings within the commune are protected in France as  "Monuments historiques" (Historical buildings).

In the 11th century, the italian architect William di Volpiano was chosen by Richard II, Duke of Normandy, to be the building contractor of the Mont Saint-Michel church. He designed the Romanesque church of the abbey, daringly placing the transept crossing at the top of the mount. Many underground crypts and chapels had to be built to compensate for this weight; these formed the basis for the supportive upward structure that can be seen today.

Robert de Thorigny, a great supporter of Henry II of England (also Duke of Normandy), reinforced the structure of the buildings and built the main façade of the church in the 12th century.

In 1204, Guy de Thouars, regent for the Duchess of Brittany, as vassal of the King of France, undertook a siege of the Mount. After having set fire to the village and having massacred the population, he was obliged to beat a retreat under the powerful walls of the abbey. The buildings, and the roofs fell prey to the flames. Horrified by the cruelty and the exactions of his Breton ally, Philip Augustus offered Abbot Jordan a grant for the construction of a new Gothic architectural set which included the addition of the refectory and cloister.

Charles VI is credited with adding major fortifications to the abbey-mount, building towers, successive courtyards, and strengthening the ramparts.

Since 2001, a community of monks and nuns of the Monastic Fraternities of Jerusalem, sent from the mother-house of St-Gervais-et-St-Protais in Paris, have been living as a community on Mont Saint-Michel. They replaced the Benedictine monks who returned to the Mount in 1966. They are tenants of the centre for National Historical Monuments and are not involved in the management of the abbey. The community meets four times a day to recite the liturgical office in the abbey itself (or in the crypt of Notre-Dame des Trente Cierges in winter). In this way, the building keeps its original purpose as a place of prayer and singing the glory of God. The presence of the community attracts many visitors and pilgrims who come to join in the various liturgical celebrations.

In 2012, the community undertook the renovation of a house on the Mount, the Logis Saint-Abraham, which is used as a guest house for pilgrims on retreat.

The artists 

The Limbourg brothers, or in Dutch Gebroeders van Limburg (Herman, Paul, and Johan; fl. 1385 - 1416), were famous Dutch miniature painters from the city of Nijmegen. They were active in the early 15th century in France and Burgundy, working in the style known as International Gothic. They created what is certainly the best known late medieval illuminated manuscript, the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry.

At the end of 1399 the brohers  were travelling to visit Nijmegen but, owing to a war, they were captured in Brussels. Since their mother could not pay the ransom of 55 gold escuz, the local goldsmiths' guild started to collect the money. Eventually Philip the Bold paid the ransom for the sake of their uncle Malouel, his painter. 

From surviving documents it is known that in February 1402, Paul and Johan were contracted by Philip to work for four years exclusively on illuminating a bible. This may or may not have been the Bible Moralisée, Ms.fr.166 in the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris, which is indisputably an early work by the Limbourg brothers. Philip II died in 1404 before the brothers had completed their work.

After Philip's death, Herman, Paul, and Johan later in 1405 came to work for his brother John, Duke of Berry (Jean, Duc de Berry) who was an extravagant collector of arts and especially books. Their first assignment was to illuminate a Book of Hours, now known as the Belles Heures du Duc de Berry (The Beautiful Hours of the Duke of Berry) held in The Cloisters of the MET in New York City. This work was finished in 1409 much to the satisfaction of the duke, and he assigned them to an even more ambitious project for a Book of Hours. This became the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry, (The Very Rich Hours of the Duke of Berry)  which is widely regarded as the peak of late medieval book illumination, and possibly the most valuable book in the world.

When the three painters and their sponsor died in 1416, possibly victims of plague, the manuscript was left unfinished. It was further embellished in the 1440s by an anonymous painter, who many art historians believe was Barthélemy d'Eyck. In 1485–1489, it was brought to its present state by the painter Jean Colombe on behalf of the Duke of Savoy. 

Acquired by the Duc d'Aumale in 1856, the book is now MS 65 in the Musée Condé, Chantilly, France.

Consisting of a total of 206 leaves of very fine quality parchment, 30 cm in height by 21.5 cm in width, the manuscript contains 66 large miniatures and 65 small. The design of the book, which is long and complex, has undergone many changes and reversals. Many artists contributed to its miniatures, calligraphy, initials, and marginal decorations, but determining their precise number and identity remains a matter of debate. Painted largely by artists from the Low Countries, often using rare and costly pigments and gold, and with an unusually large number of illustrations, the book is one of the most lavish late medieval illuminated manuscripts.

After three centuries in obscurity, the Très Riches Heures gained wide recognition in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, despite having only very limited public exposure at the Musée Condé. Its miniatures helped to shape an ideal image of the Middle Ages in the collective imagination, often being interpreted to serve political and nationalist agendas.  This is particularly true for the calendar images, which are the most commonly reproduced. They offer vivid representations of peasants performing agricultural work as well as aristocrats in formal attire, against a background of remarkable medieval architecture.

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2017 - Wandering Vertexes...
by Francis Rousseau 

THE MONT SAINT-MICHEL BY THEODORE ROUSSEAU

THEODORE ROUSSEAU (1812-1867)  

Mont Saint Michel (92m-302ft) 

France (Normandie)

                                                               

The mount  

Le Mont-Saint-Michel (92 m - 302 ft) is an island commune in Normandy, France. Mont Saint-Michel (first called Mont Tombe) consists of leucogranite, which solidified from an underground intrusion of molten magma about 525 million years ago, during the Cambrian period, as one of the younger parts of the Mancellian granitic batholith. Early studies of Mont Saint-Michel by French geologists sometimes describe the leucogranite of the Mont as "granulite", but this granitic meaning of granulite is now obsolete.

It is located about one kilometre (0.6 miles) off the country's northwestern coast, at the mouth of the Couesnon River near Avranches and is 100 hectares (247 acres) in size.

The island has held strategic fortifications since ancient times and since the 8th century AD has been the seat of the monastery from which it draws its name. The structural composition of the town exemplifies the feudal society that constructed it: on top, God, the abbey and monastery; below, the great halls; then stores and housing; and at the bottom, outside the walls, houses for fishermen and farmers. The commune's position - on an island just 600 m from land - made it accessible at low tide to the many pilgrims to its abbey, but defensible as an incoming tide stranded, drove off, or drowned would-be assailants. The Mont remained unconquered during the Hundred Years' War; a small garrison fended off a full attack by the English in 1433.  The reverse benefits of its natural defence were not lost on Louis XI, who turned the Mont into a prison. Thereafter the abbey began to be used more regularly as a jail during the monarchy.

One of France's most recognizable landmarks, visited by more than 3 million people each year, Mont Saint-Michel and its bay are on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.

 Over 60 buildings within the commune are protected in France as  "Monuments historiques" (Historical buildings).

In the 11th century, the italian architect William di Volpiano was chosen by Richard II, Duke of Normandy, to be the building contractor of the Mont Saint-Michel church. He designed the Romanesque church of the abbey, daringly placing the transept crossing at the top of the mount. Many underground crypts and chapels had to be built to compensate for this weight; these formed the basis for the supportive upward structure that can be seen today.

Robert de Thorigny, a great supporter of Henry II of England (also Duke of Normandy), reinforced the structure of the buildings and built the main façade of the church in the 12th century.

In 1204, Guy de Thouars, regent for the Duchess of Brittany, as vassal of the King of France, undertook a siege of the Mount. After having set fire to the village and having massacred the population, he was obliged to beat a retreat under the powerful walls of the abbey. The buildings, and the roofs fell prey to the flames. Horrified by the cruelty and the exactions of his Breton ally, Philip Augustus offered Abbot Jordan a grant for the construction of a new Gothic architectural set which included the addition of the refectory and cloister.

Charles VI is credited with adding major fortifications to the abbey-mount, building towers, successive courtyards, and strengthening the ramparts.

Since 2001, a community of monks and nuns of the Monastic Fraternities of Jerusalem, sent from the mother-house of St-Gervais-et-St-Protais in Paris, have been living as a community on Mont Saint-Michel. They replaced the Benedictine monks who returned to the Mount in 1966. They are tenants of the centre for National Historical Monuments and are not involved in the management of the abbey. The community meets four times a day to recite the liturgical office in the abbey itself (or in the crypt of Notre-Dame des Trente Cierges in winter). In this way, the building keeps its original purpose as a place of prayer and singing the glory of God. The presence of the community attracts many visitors and pilgrims who come to join in the various liturgical celebrations.

In 2012, the community undertook the renovation of a house on the Mount, the Logis Saint-Abraham, which is used as a guest house for pilgrims on retreat.

The painter 

Etienne- Pierre-Théodore Rousseau was a French painter of the Barbizon school.  Not to be confused with Henri Rousseau (called Le Douanier), he was born in Paris, of a bourgeois family and received  at first a business training, but soon displayed aptitude for painting.  The influence of classically trained artists was against  Rousseau and its paintings had to wait until 1848 before to be presented adequately to the public.

In 1848, Rousseau took up his residence in the forest village of Barbizon, and spent most of his remaining days in the vicinity. He was now able to obtain fair sums for his pictures (but only about one-tenth of their value thirty years after his death), and the number of his admirers increased. He was still ignored by the authorities, for while Narcisse Virgilio Diaz was made Chevalier of the Legion of Honour in 1851,  Rousseau was left undecorated at this time, but was nominated and awarded the Cross soon afterwards. 

At the Exposition Universelle of 1853, where all Rousseau's rejected pictures of the previous twenty years were gathered together, his works were acknowledged to form one of the best of the many splendid groups there exhibited. But, after an unsuccessful sale of his works by auction in 1861, he contemplated leaving Paris for Amsterdam or London, or even New York. Rousseau's pictures are always grave in character, with an air of exquisite melancholy. They are well finished when they profess to be completed pictures, but Rousseau spent so much time developing his subjects that his absolutely completed works are comparatively few. He left many canvases with parts of the picture realized in detail and with the remainder somewhat vague; and also a good number of sketches and water-color drawings. His pen work in monochrome on paper is rare. There are a number of good pictures by him in the Louvre, and the Wallace collection contains one of his most important Barbizon pictures. There is also an example in the Ionides collection at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.

MONT SAINT-MICHEL PAINTED BY J.M.W.TURNER

J.M.W. TURNER (1775-1851) 

 Mont Saint-Michel (92 m - 302 ft)

France (Normandie)

1.  In Mont St Michel for The English channel Watercolour, 1827, FAM, San Francisco 

2.  In Mont Saint Michel sketches, Watercolour on paper 1826 Tate Britain, London 

About the paintings

Turner travelled through Normandy and Brittany in 1826  and 1827 at a time when the region was beginning to attract artists interested in the relationship of its architecture to that of England. The focal point of most tours was Mont St Michel, a casket-like architectural gem seemingly floating in the middle of the surrounding bay. Turner's watercolours of the island stress its fantastic, mirage-like qualities at the expense of giving precise details.

The mount  
Le Mont-Saint-Michel (92 m - 302 ft) is an island commune in Normandy, France. Mont Saint-Michel (first called Mont Tombe) consists of leucogranite, which solidified from an underground intrusion of molten magma about 525 million years ago, during the Cambrian period, as one of the younger parts of the Mancellian granitic batholith. Early studies of Mont Saint-Michel by French geologists sometimes describe the leucogranite of the Mont as "granulite", but this granitic meaning of granulite is now obsolete.
It is located about one kilometre (0.6 miles) off the country's northwestern coast, at the mouth of the Couesnon River near Avranches and is 100 hectares (247 acres) in size.
The island has held strategic fortifications since ancient times and since the 8th century AD has been the seat of the monastery from which it draws its name. The structural composition of the town exemplifies the feudal society that constructed it: on top, God, the abbey and monastery; below, the great halls; then stores and housing; and at the bottom, outside the walls, houses for fishermen and farmers. The commune's position - on an island just 600 m from land - made it accessible at low tide to the many pilgrims to its abbey, but defensible as an incoming tide stranded, drove off, or drowned would-be assailants. The Mont remained unconquered during the Hundred Years' War; a small garrison fended off a full attack by the English in 1433.  The reverse benefits of its natural defence were not lost on Louis XI, who turned the Mont into a prison. Thereafter the abbey began to be used more regularly as a jail during the monarchy.
One of France's most recognizable landmarks, visited by more than 3 million people each year, Mont Saint-Michel and its bay are on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.
 Over 60 buildings within the commune are protected in France as  "Monuments historiques" (Historical buildings).
In the 11th century, the italian architect William di Volpiano was chosen by Richard II, Duke of Normandy, to be the building contractor of the Mont Saint-Michel church. He designed the Romanesque church of the abbey, daringly placing the transept crossing at the top of the mount. Many underground crypts and chapels had to be built to compensate for this weight; these formed the basis for the supportive upward structure that can be seen today.
Robert de Thorigny, a great supporter of Henry II of England (also Duke of Normandy), reinforced the structure of the buildings and built the main façade of the church in the 12th century.
In 1204, Guy de Thouars, regent for the Duchess of Brittany, as vassal of the King of France, undertook a siege of the Mount. After having set fire to the village and having massacred the population, he was obliged to beat a retreat under the powerful walls of the abbey. The buildings, and the roofs fell prey to the flames. Horrified by the cruelty and the exactions of his Breton ally, Philip Augustus offered Abbot Jordan a grant for the construction of a new Gothic architectural set which included the addition of the refectory and cloister.
Charles VI is credited with adding major fortifications to the abbey-mount, building towers, successive courtyards, and strengthening the ramparts.
Since 2001, a community of monks and nuns of the Monastic Fraternities of Jerusalem, sent from the mother-house of St-Gervais-et-St-Protais in Paris, have been living as a community on Mont Saint-Michel. They replaced the Benedictine monks who returned to the Mount in 1966. They are tenants of the centre for National Historical Monuments and are not involved in the management of the abbey. The community meets four times a day to recite the liturgical office in the abbey itself (or in the crypt of Notre-Dame des Trente Cierges in winter). In this way, the building keeps its original purpose as a place of prayer and singing the glory of God. The presence of the community attracts many visitors and pilgrims who come to join in the various liturgical celebrations.
In 2012, the community undertook the renovation of a house on the Mount, the Logis Saint-Abraham, which is used as a guest house for pilgrims on retreat.

The painter 
The english painter Joseph Mallord William Turner was considered a controversial figure in his day, but is now regarded as the artist who elevated landscape painting to an eminence in the history of painting. Although renowned for his oil paintings, Turner is also one of the greatest masters of British watercolour landscape painting. He is commonly known as "the painter of light" and his work is regarded as a Romantic preface to Impressionism.
In his thirties, Turner travelled widely in Europe, starting with France and Switzerland in 1802 and studying in the Louvre in Paris in the same year. He made many visits to Venice.   Turner's talent was recognized early in his life. Financial independence allowed Turner to innovate freely; his mature work is characterized by a chromatic palette and broadly applied atmospheric washes of paint. According to David Piper's The Illustrated History of Art, his later pictures were called "fantastic puzzles." Turner was recognized as an artistic genius: influential English art critic John Ruskin described him as the artist who could most "stirringly and truthfully measure the moods of Nature."
Turner's major venture into printmaking was the Liber Studiorum (Book of Studies), seventy prints that he worked on from 1806 to 1819. The Liber Studiorum was an expression of his intentions for landscape art. The idea was loosely based on Claude Lorrain's Liber Veritatis (Book of Truth), where Lorrain  had recorded his completed paintings; a series of print copies of these drawings, by then at Devonshire House, had been a huge publishing success. Turner's plates were meant to be widely disseminated, and categorized the genre into six types: Marine, Mountainous, Pastoral, Historical, Architectural, and Elevated or Epic Pastoral.  His printmaking was a major part of his output, and a museum is devoted to it, the Turner Museum in Sarasota, Florida, founded in 1974 by Douglas Montrose-Graem to house his collection of Turner prints.
Turner placed human beings in many of his paintings to indicate his affection for humanity on the one hand (note the frequent scenes of people drinking or working or walking in the foreground), but its vulnerability and vulgarity amid the 'sublime' nature of the world on the other. 'Sublime' here means awe-inspiring, savage grandeur, a natural world unmastered by man, evidence of the power of God – a theme that romanticist artists and poets were exploring in this period. Although these late paintings appear to be 'impressionistic' and therefore a forerunner of the French school, Turner was striving for expression of spirituality in the world, rather than responding primarily to optical phenomena.
Turner used pigments like carmine in his paintings, knowing that they were not long-lasting, despite the advice of contemporary experts to use more durable pigments. As a result, many of his colours have now faded greatly.
John Ruskin says in his "Notes" on Turner in March 1878 : "His true master was Dr Monro; to the practical teaching of that first patron and the wise simplicity of method of watercolour study, in which he was disciplined by him and companioned by Girtin, the healthy and constant development of the greater power is primarily to be attributed; the greatness of the power itself, it is impossible to over-estimate. "

LE FUJIYAMA / 富士山 PEINT PAR BERNARD BUFFET

BERNARD BUFFET (1928-1999)
Fujiyama / 富士山 (3, 776 m)
Japon

In  Le mont Fuji et ses rizières, 1980, Lithographie originale imprimé par l'Atelier Mourlot, 79 x 55 cm.

La montagne
Le mont Fuji ou Fujiyama (富士山) (3 776 m) est le plus haut sommet montagneux du Japon, situé sur l'île de Honshu. Plusieurs noms lui sont attribués : "Fuji-san", "Fujiyama" ou, de manière redondante, "Mt. Fujiyama". Habituellement, les locuteurs japonais appellent la montagne "Fuji-san". Les autres noms japonais du Mont Fuji sont devenus obsolètes ou poétiques comme : Fuji-no-Yama (La Montagne du Fuji), Fuji-no-Takane (Le Haut Sommet du Fuji), Fuyō-hō (Le Lotus Peak), et Fugaku...
Le mont Fuji est un stratovolcan actif dont la dernière éruption remonte à 1707-08. Le mont Fuji se trouve à environ 100 kilomètres (60 mi) au sud-ouest de Tokyo et peut être vu de là par temps clair.
Le cône exceptionnellement symétrique du mont Fuji, recouvert de neige plusieurs mois par an, est un symbole bien connu du Japon et il est fréquemment représenté dans l'art et les photographies, ainsi que visité par les touristes et les alpinistes.
Le mont Fuji est l'une des trois montagnes sacrées du Japon avec le mont Tate et le mont Haku. C'est aussi un endroit spécial de beauté scénique et l'un des sites historiques du Japon.
Il a été ajouté à la Liste du patrimoine mondial en tant que site culturel le 22 juin 2013. Selon l'UNESCO, le mont Fuji a "inspiré des artistes et des poètes et fait l'objet de pèlerinages depuis des siècles".
L'UNESCO reconnaît 25 sites d'intérêt culturel dans la localité du mont Fuji.

L'artiste
Bernard Buffet, est un peintre français expressionniste, peignant aussi bien des personnages que des figures, animaux, nus, paysages, intérieurs, natures mortes, fleurs. Aquarelliste, il fut également peintre de décors et illustrateur. En juin 1948, Buffet concourt avec Deux hommes dans une chambre pour le Prix de la critique (première édition), récemment fondé par Augustin Rumeau et son épouse, propriétaires de la galerie Saint-Placide. Il en sort lauréat ex-aequo avec Bernard Lorjou, de vingt ans son aîné. Le succès est immense. En juillet, une exposition de ses œuvres aura lieu dans cette Galerie. Il expose La Ravaudeuse de filet au Salon d'automne, où il fait la connaissance d'André Minaux. Avec ce dernier, Jean Couty et Simone Dat, il rejoint Bernard Lorjou,  au sein du groupe de L'homme témoin. En 1949 Pierre Descargues publie Bernard Buffet aux Presses littéraires de France. Un amateur d'art met un pavillon à Garches à sa disposition. Comme loyer, Bernard Buffet lui donne un tableau par trimestre.Bernard Buffet rencontre Pierre Bergé en 1950, « dans un café de la rue de la Seine [sic], aujourd'hui disparu, chez Constant » Pierre Bergé devient son compagnon, il gère sa carrière jusqu'à leur rupture en 1958. En mai 1958, le photographe Luc Fournol lui présente Annabel Schwob à Saint-Tropez, alors qu'il est déjà installé dans le succès. C'est le coup de foudre. Le 12 décembre 1958, il épouse Annabel Schwob à Ramatuelle.  Bernard Buffet peint Annabel Schwob inlassablement ; en 1961, l'une de ses expositions s'intitule « Trente fois Annabel Schwob ».
Bernard Buffet se revendiquait de peintres tels que David, Géricault ou Courbet. Il a marqué a contrario un dédain, parfois mordant, pour la peinture abstraite18 et rejette l'impressionnisme. Seuls quelques peintres font exception comme Manet qu'il qualifiera comme ne faisant pas vraiment partie du mouvement impressionniste. « Je n'ai rien contre la peinture abstraite, mais je me demande pourquoi ceux qui l'aiment tant ne la font pas eux-mêmes. Ce serait aussi bien et leur coûterait moins cher. » ( cité par Michel Droit dans Les Feux du crépuscule.)
Diminué par la maladie de Parkinson, Bernard Buffet se suicide par asphyxie le 4 octobre 1999 dans son atelier du Domaine de la Baume près de Tourtour (Var), étouffé dans un sac en plastique noir sur la surface duquel son nom était imprimé avec sa calligraphie particulière.

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2022 - Wandering Vertexes ....
            Errant au-dessus des Sommets Silencieux...
            Un blog de Francis Rousseau

 

THE MOUNT VALIER SKETCHED BY EUGÈNE VIOLLET-LE-DUC

 

 

 

EUGÈNE VIOLLET-LE-DUC (1814-1879)

 Mont Valier (2,838m - 9,311ft) 

 France (Pyrénées)

In Vue du fond de la vallée d'Azun prise de la montagne de Pourges, Hautes-Pyrénées, watercolor, 1833

The mountain
Mont Valier (2,838m - 9,311ft) is summit located in the Ariège Pyrenees, emblematic of Couserans, dominating the Angouls valley and its torrent, a short distance from the Spanish border.
The name comes from Valerius (Saint Valier, around 452), mythical first bishop of Couserans who would have climbed it. The Mont Valier belongs to the axial Pyrenean chain. Visible from afar, you can clearly see it from the plains of the Garonne and from Toulouse. The summit is located within the perimeter of the regional natural park of the Ariège Pyrenees. It is shared between the municipalities of Seix and Bordes - Uchentein.
Several stone crosses have succeeded each other at the top. If the first would have been the work of the first bishop of Couserans Valerius in the 5th century, Bernard Coignet de Marmiesse, another bishop of Couserans, had a marble cross erected there in the 1670s. The last was inaugurated in September 2012 after the destruction by anticlerical vandalism in 2011 of the granite cross placed in 1987. During the Second World War, an escape route from Saint-Girons to Esterri d'Àneu in Catalonia crossed the Mont Valier massif to cross the border at the difficult Col de la Pale de la Clauère. This "Chemin de la Liberté" - the name given in 1994 to the long-distance footpath that follows its route - allowed the escape of 782 people between 1940 and 1944 and remained operational, despite the increased surveillance of the Germans from 1943 and the denunciations on the part of French collaborators, and it functioned until the end of the war.
In 2000, a via ferrata was created towards the Estagnous refuge (2,246 m). It connects the refuge to the Long pond. Overlooking the round pond, it allows you to discover verticality in safety and a quality point of view. A departure is possible from the refuge or the Long pond. The route totals a length of 1,200 m, including 620 m equipped, for a one-way duration of 2 h 30 and 150 m of elevation. She is rated D.
By ministerial decree of July 5, 2005, a vast territory located in the municipality of Seix, including the national reserve of Mont Valier — created in 1937 (it is one of the oldest in the Pyrenees) — as well as almost all of the national territory of the Fonta massif, has been classified as a site of the Natura 2000 network (special protection area of ​​the Mont Valier massif)
The access routes are only on foot and for experienced and well-equipped hikers. The main access is from the Riberot valley, in the commune of Bordes-Uchentein, from the Plat de la Lau car park and via the Estagnous refuge (guarded in the right season, reservation required).

The artist
Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (not to be confused with the french writer Violette Leduc!) was a French architect and theorist, famous for his "restorations" of medieval buildings. But he was, as well, an excellent but less famous watercolorist, sketching quite a number of mountains and volcanoes all over Europe.
Born in Paris, he was a major Gothic Revival architect. His works were largely restorative and few of his independent building designs were ever realised. Strongly contrary to the prevailing Beaux-Arts architectural trend of his time, much of his design work was largely derided by his contemporaries. He was the architect hired to design the internal structure of the Statue of Liberty, but died before the project was completed.
During the early 1830s, a popular sentiment for the restoration of medieval buildings developed in France. Viollet-le-Duc, returning during 1835 from study in Italy, was commissioned by Prosper Mérimée to restore the Romanesque abbey of Vézelay. This work was the first of a long series of restorations; Viollet-le-Duc's restorations at Notre Dame de Paris with Jean-Baptiste Lassus brought him national attention. His other main works include Mont Saint-Michel, Carcassonne, Roquetaillade castle and Pierrefonds.
Viollet-le-Duc's "restorations" frequently combined historical fact with creative modification. For example, under his supervision, Notre Dame was not only cleaned and restored but also "updated", gaining its distinctive third tower (a type of flèche) in addition to other smaller changes. Another of his most famous restorations, the medieval fortified town of Carcassonne, was similarly enhanced, gaining atop each of its many wall towers a set of pointed roofs that are actually more typical of northern France. Many of these reconstructions were controversial. Viollet-le-duc wanted what he called ‘a condition of completeness' which never actually existed at any given time. This approach to restoration was particularly problematic when buildings survived in a mixture of styles. For instance, Viollet-le-Duc eliminated eighteenth-century additions to Notre Dame. Both his theory and his practice were strongly criticized on the grounds that only what had once been in place should be reconstructed. At the same time, in the cultural atmosphere of the Second Empire theory necessarily became diluted in practice: Viollet-le-Duc provided a Gothic reliquary for the relic of the Crown of Thorns at Notre-Dame in 1862, and yet Napoleon III also commissioned designs for a luxuriously appointed railway carriage from Viollet-le-Duc, in 14th-century Gothic style.
Among his restorations were:
- Churches :
Notre-Dame in Paris, Abbey of the Mont Saint-Michel, Basilica of St. Mary Magdalene in Vézelay, St. Martin in Clamecy, Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, Basilica of St. Denis near Paris, St. Louis in Poissy, Notre-Dame in Semur-en-Auxois, Basilica of St. Nazarius and St. Celsus in Carcasonne, Basilica of St. Sernin in Toulouse, Notre-Dame in Lausanne (Switzerland).
Town halls:
- Saint-Antonin-Noble-Val, Narbonne
Castles:
- Château de Roquetaillade in Bordeaux, Château de Pierrefonds, Fortified city of Carcassonne, Château de Coucy, Antoing in Belgium, Château de Vincennes in Paris.
When monuments was to much damaged, he sometimes obtain from the emperor Napoleon III the permission to entirely rebuilt it, like he did in Avignon with the Popes ramparts all around the city.

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2022 - Wandering Vertexes...
by Francis Rousseau

LE MONT GAUSSIER / ALPILLES PAR MARIO PRASSINOS

 

 

MARIO PRASSINOS (1916-1985)
Le Mont Gaussier (306m)
France (Provence)

In Alpilles 1977, dessin à l'encre de Chine sur papier- 100x 149 cm, Collection privée (Artcurial)

Le peintre
Mario Prassinos, est un peintre non figuratif français d'origine grecque apparenté à  la nouvelle École de Paris. Né dans une famille grecque implantée depuis de nombreuses générations à Constantinople. il quitte les Grecs en 1922  pour fuir les persécutions et sa famille s'installe en France. Le jeune Mario fréquente l'école de Puteaux puis habite à Nanterre. Il poursuit ses études au lycée Condorcet et à l'École des langues orientales. Il fréquente les coulisses du Théâtre de l'Atelier (Charles Dullin), ce qui lui donne le goût du théâtre.  En 1934, sa sœur Gisèle Prassinos, née en 1920, écrit ses premiers textes que publie la revue Minotaure. Il rencontre alors, chez Man Ray, les poètes surréalistes, André Breton, Paul Éluard, René Char puis les peintres Max Ernst, Salvador Dalí, Hans Arp et Marcel Duchamp. Il réalise quelques dessins et frontispices pour l'éditeur Guy Lévis-Mano.
Après une première exposition personnelle, préfacée par René Char, en 1938 à la galerie Billiet-Vorms, Mario Prassinos s'éloigne à partir de 1939 du surréalisme. Engagé volontaire durant la guerre, il est blessé et reçoit la Croix de guerre. En 1942, il se lie avec Raymond Queneau et collabore avec les éditions de la NRF pour lesquelles il crée des maquettes de livres, des cartonnages de la NRF parfois appelés cartonnages Prassinos ou « reliés Bonet-Prassinos ». Entre 1943 et 1945 il rencontre encore Albert Camus, Jean-Paul Sartre (dont il illustre Le Mur), Jean Lescure et Gaston Bachelard. Prassinos crée en 1947 ses premiers costumes pour une pièce de Paul Claudel montée par Jean Vilar pour le premier Festival d'Avignon. Il se lie avec le peintre Alberto Magnelli et rencontre Myriam Prévot, future directrice avec Gildo Caputo de la Galerie de France où il expose par la suite régulièrement. Il obtient en 1949 la nationalité française.
Sa série de Troupeaux le fait aborder une peinture moins figurative. Il réalise à partir de 1951 ses premières tapisseries, qu'expose en 1956 la galerie La demeure, et des décors et costumes pour Macbeth que met en scène Jean Vilar à Avignon et, à Paris, au TNP.
En 1958, après une croisière avec Albert Camus et Michel Gallimard il effectue un long séjour dans l'île de Spetses, en Grèce, qui est à la source d'un renouvellement de sa peinture. Max-Pol Fouchet lui consacre un film de télévision. De 1959 à 1964, Prassinos continue de créer décors et costumes pour Jean Vilar. De nouveaux thèmes apparaissent par la suite dans sa peinture : portraits de Bessie Smith  ou de son grand-père Prétextat,  de nouveaux dessins d'après les Alpilles (1952-1977), collines qui font face à sa maison d'Eygalières, les Suaires inspirés par le Suaire de Turin, les Paysages turcs exposés au Grand-Palais à Paris en 1980 et les Arbres (1980-1985).
Lucien Clergue réalise en 1969 un film sur son œuvre (texte de Jean Lescure). Mario Prassinos écrit
En 1985, il travaille aux onze Peintures du Supplice qu'il réalise pour décorer la chapelle Notre-Dame de Pitié à Saint-Rémy-de-Provence. C'est là qu'est exposée la donation de 108 œuvres qu'il a faite à l'État français en 1985.

La montagne  

Le mont Gaussier (306m) est un sommet des Alpilles situé dans la commune de Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, au sud de la ville. Aujourd'hui, lieu de passage de nombreux randonneurs qui le parcourent par le GR6, le mont Gaussier a été très tôt utilisé comme habitat par des populations protohistoriques, avant de voir à son sommet un château médiéval, aujourd'hui disparu. Le mont Gaussier est constitué de calcaire cristallin, blanc et dur. On trouve dans le sol la trace de nombreux fossiles. Ce genre de sommet est caractéristique des Alpilles, particulièrement sur la face nord Il est possible d'accéder au mont Gaussier depuis les ruines du site antique de  Glanum ou depuis La Caume par le GR6 en grimpant par le sentier des échelles, qui date de 1935. Le Mont Gaussier fut beaucoup peint par Vincent Van Gogh lorsqu'il séjourna à la maison de santé de Saint Paul de Mausole, qui se trouve au pieds de cette montagne.

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2023 - Wandering Vertexes ....
Errant au-dessus des Sommets Silencieux...
Un blog de Francis Rousseau 

LE CHAPEAU DE GENDARME / LEXANTZUMENDI BY EUGENE VIOLLET-LE-DUC

EUGENE VIOLLET-LE-DUC (1814-1879)

Chapeau de Gendarme / Lexantzumendi (572m - 1,876ft) 

 France (Pays basque)

 In Montagne calcaire de Lichans, prise de Tardets 1833  

The mountain 

Le Chapeau de Gendarme  (The Hat of Policeman (572m - 1,876ft) in Basque langage Lexantzumendi, is a hill located north of Licq-Atherey (France). The name was given by analogy of form with the bicorne equipping the policemen of the emperor Napoleon Ist, the same bicorne than the emperor himself use to wear on battle fields. 

The artist 
Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (not to be confused with the writer Violette Leduc) was a French architect and theorist, famous for his interpretive "restorations" of medieval buildings.  But he was, as well, an excellent but less famous watercolorist, sketching quite a number of mountains and volcanoes all over Europe.
Born in Paris, he was a major Gothic Revival architect. His works were largely restorative and few of his independent building designs were ever realised. Strongly contrary to the prevailing Beaux-Arts architectural trend of his time, much of his design work was largely derided by his contemporaries. He was the architect hired to design the internal structure of the Statue of Liberty, but died before the project was completed.
During the early 1830s, a popular sentiment for the restoration of medieval buildings developed in France. Viollet-le-Duc, returning during 1835 from study in Italy, was commissioned by Prosper Mérimée to restore the Romanesque abbey of Vézelay. This work was the first of a long series of restorations; Viollet-le-Duc's restorations at Notre Dame de Paris with Jean-Baptiste Lassus brought him national attention. His other main works include Mont Saint-Michel, Carcassonne, Roquetaillade castle and Pierrefonds.
Viollet-le-Duc's "restorations" frequently combined historical fact with creative modification. For example, under his supervision, Notre Dame was not only cleaned and restored but also "updated", gaining its distinctive third tower (a type of flèche) in addition to other smaller changes. Another of his most famous restorations, the medieval fortified town of Carcassonne, was similarly enhanced, gaining atop each of its many wall towers a set of pointed roofs that are actually more typical of northern France. Many of these reconstructions were controversial. Viollet-le-duc wanted what he called ‘a condition of completeness' which never actually existed at any given time. This approach to restoration was particularly problematic when buildings survived in a mixture of styles. For instance, Viollet-le-Duc eliminated eighteenth-century additions to Notre Dame. Both his theory and his practice were strongly criticized on the grounds that only what had once been in place should be reconstructed. At the same time, in the cultural atmosphere of the Second Empire theory necessarily became diluted in practice: Viollet-le-Duc provided a Gothic reliquary for the relic of the Crown of Thorns at Notre-Dame in 1862, and yet Napoleon III also commissioned designs for a luxuriously appointed railway carriage from Viollet-le-Duc, in 14th-century Gothic style.
Among his restorations were:
- Churches :
Notre-Dame in Paris, Abbey of the Mont Saint-Michel, Basilica of St. Mary Magdalene in Vézelay, St. Martin in Clamecy,  Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, Basilica of St. Denis near Paris, St. Louis in Poissy, Notre-Dame in Semur-en-Auxois, Basilica of St. Nazarius and St. Celsus in Carcasonne, Basilica of St. Sernin in Toulouse, Notre-Dame in Lausanne (Switzerland).
Town halls:
- Saint-Antonin-Noble-Val, Narbonne
Castles:
- Château de Roquetaillade in Bordeaux, Château de Pierrefonds, Fortified city of Carcassonne, Château de Coucy, Antoing in Belgium, Château de Vincennes in  Paris.
When monuments was to much damaged, he sometimes  obtain from the emperor Napoleon III the permission to entirely rebuilt it,  like he did in Avignon with the Popes ramparts all around the city.

COL DU BONHOMME BY EUGENE VIOLLET-LE-DUC

EUGENE VIOLLET-LE-DUC (1814-1879),

Col du Bonhomme (2,329 m - 7,641 ft)

France (Alpes) 

In Le col du Bonhomme, le Cervin du Breuil, 1862, watercolor, Musée Lambinet Versailles, France  

The mountain

The Col du Bonhomme (2,329 m - 7,641 ft) is a pass that connects the Val Montjoie to the Beaufortain. It is located between the Mount du Rocher du Bonhomme and the Aiguilles de Pennaz. It is one of the passes crossed on the hiking trail of the Tour du Mont Blanc near the refuge of the Col de la Croix du Bonhomme at 2,443 meters.

In 1355, following the Treaty of Paris, the Faucigny passed from the possession of the counts of Geneva to that of the county of Savoy and the Col du Bonhomme lost its status of frontier to become  part of the "House of Savoy". On the night of the 27th of August, 1689, at Prangins, near Nyon, on the shore of Lake Geneva (Switzerland), about a thousand men try to go back to their Piedmont valley. In nine days they traveled 200 km by passing the massif of Mont Blanc by the Col du Bonhomme to reach Sibaud (Bobbio Pellice). This first trek,  with quite a lot of victims, was called the "Glorious Retreat".  Following the visit of the Emperor Napoleon III after the annexation of Savoy to France (1860), the path of the Col du Bonhomme is laid out (1861-1866). The free zone was subsequently reduced in 1919 by France at the end of the First World War by the Treaty of Versailles.

Nowadays, from the bottom of the Contamines-Montjoie valley, in Notre-Dame-de-la-Gorge, the climb takes from 2 to 3 hours, making it accessible to a large number of walkers. It can also be reached from Les Chapieux, the Gittaz dam and the Gittes crest path.

The artist 
Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (not to be confused with the writer Violette Leduc) was a French architect and theorist, famous for his interpretive "restorations" of medieval buildings.  But he was, as well, an excellent but less famous watercolorist, sketching quite a number of mountains and volcanoes all over Europe.
Born in Paris, he was a major Gothic Revival architect. His works were largely restorative and few of his independent building designs were ever realised. Strongly contrary to the prevailing Beaux-Arts architectural trend of his time, much of his design work was largely derided by his contemporaries. He was the architect hired to design the internal structure of the Statue of Liberty, but died before the project was completed.
During the early 1830s, a popular sentiment for the restoration of medieval buildings developed in France. Viollet-le-Duc, returning during 1835 from study in Italy, was commissioned by Prosper Mérimée to restore the Romanesque abbey of Vézelay. This work was the first of a long series of restorations; Viollet-le-Duc's restorations at Notre Dame de Paris with Jean-Baptiste Lassus brought him national attention. His other main works include Mont Saint-Michel, Carcassonne, Roquetaillade castle and Pierrefonds.
Viollet-le-Duc's "restorations" frequently combined historical fact with creative modification. For example, under his supervision, Notre Dame was not only cleaned and restored but also "updated", gaining its distinctive third tower (a type of flèche) in addition to other smaller changes. Another of his most famous restorations, the medieval fortified town of Carcassonne, was similarly enhanced, gaining atop each of its many wall towers a set of pointed roofs that are actually more typical of northern France. Many of these reconstructions were controversial. Viollet-le-duc wanted what he called ‘a condition of completeness' which never actually existed at any given time. This approach to restoration was particularly problematic when buildings survived in a mixture of styles. For instance, Viollet-le-Duc eliminated eighteenth-century additions to Notre Dame. Both his theory and his practice were strongly criticized on the grounds that only what had once been in place should be reconstructed. At the same time, in the cultural atmosphere of the Second Empire theory necessarily became diluted in practice: Viollet-le-Duc provided a Gothic reliquary for the relic of the Crown of Thorns at Notre-Dame in 1862, and yet Napoleon III also commissioned designs for a luxuriously appointed railway carriage from Viollet-le-Duc, in 14th-century Gothic style.
Among his restorations were:
- Churches :
Notre-Dame in Paris, Abbey of the Mont Saint-Michel, Basilica of St. Mary Magdalene in Vézelay, St. Martin in Clamecy,  Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, Basilica of St. Denis near Paris, St. Louis in Poissy, Notre-Dame in Semur-en-Auxois, Basilica of St. Nazarius and St. Celsus in Carcasonne, Basilica of St. Sernin in Toulouse, Notre-Dame in Lausanne (Switzerland).
Town halls:
- Saint-Antonin-Noble-Val, Narbonne
Castles:
- Château de Roquetaillade in Bordeaux, Château de Pierrefonds, Fortified city of Carcassonne, Château de Coucy, Antoing in Belgium, Château de Vincennes in  Paris.
When monuments was to much damaged, he sometimes  obtain from the emperor Napoleon III the permission to entirely rebuilt it,  like he did in Avignon with the Popes ramparts all around the city.

LES GRANDS MULETS PEINTS PAR EUGÊNE VIOLLET-LE-DUC

EUGÈNE VIOLLET-LE-DUC  (1814-1879)
Les Grands Mulets (refuge à 3051m)
France (Haute-Savoie)

In " La jonction au-dessus des Grands Mulets " 1869, Médiathèque de l’Architecture et du Patrimoine, Charenton-le-Pont, France

 

Le relief
Les Grands Mulets (3051m) est un refuge situé dans le Massif du Mont-Blanc en France, dans le département de la Haute-Savoie en région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Situé sur une des voies d'accès du Mont Blanc, très prisée par les skieurs, dans un univers glacier de haute montagne, il appartient au Club alpin français. Ce refuge est équipé du gaz, de couvertures et du nécessaire de cuisine. Le refuge actuel a été construit en 1960 et inauguré le 7 août, il remplace le précédent refuge construit en 1896. Le premier refuge des Grands Mulets, l'un des précurseurs de ce type, fut construit en 1853 avec une charpente en bois transportée à dos d'hommes et de mulets. 

 

 L'artiste
Eugène Viollet-le-Duc est un architecte français. Aujourd'hui, il est surtout connu auprès du grand public pour ses restaurations de constructions médiévales, édifices religieux et châteaux dont Notre-Dame de Paris, Pierrefonds, Carcassonne, le mont Saint-Michel et le château de Roquetaillade. Mais Viollet-le-Duc est aussi historien, théoricien, pédagogue, dessinateur, professeur, écrivain, décorateur, archéologue, alpiniste...
Il écrit plus de cent ouvrages dont certains auront un succès international et sont toujours publiés aujourd'hui : le Dictionnaire raisonné de l’architecture française du XIe au XIVe siècle, Entretiens sur l'architecture et son Histoire d'une Maison.
Ses ouvrages sont toujours accompagnés d'une dense iconographie pédagogique permettant ainsi la compréhension de ses livres, ce qui explique, entre autres, son succès à l'étranger.
Son Dictionnaire raisonné de l’architecture française du XIe au XIVe siècle contient plus de 3 700 dessins et reste aujourd'hui la plus grande base de données iconographiques existante sur le Moyen Âge. Ce livre aura une influence sur l'Arts and Crafts et le style Victorien en Grande-Bretagne, mais aussi sur tous les mouvements du renouveau gothique en Europe. Ses dessins et ses idées seront repris et copiés par de nombreux architectes, tels William Burges, Anton Gaudi, Hector Guimard... On retrouve l’influence des dessins du Dictionnaire directement dans l’esthétisme des œuvres Arts and Crafts de Edward Burne-Jones, Dante Gabriel Rossetti et William Morris à l’Exposition Universelle de Londres en 1862.
Il pose les bases de l'architecture moderne par ses écrits théoriques marqués par le rationalisme. Son livre Entretiens sur l'architecture est considéré « comme fondateur de l'architecture moderne ». Ce livre préconisera aussi l’utilisation de matériaux modernes en architecture comme le fer, ce qui influencera la construction du premier gratte-ciel à Chicago (1885) par Le Baron Jenney, qui dira de Viollet le Duc « ses recherches et ses trouvailles dépassent tout ce qu’un autre auteur a pu écrire ». De son côté Frank Lloyd Wright affirmera que « les Entretiens était le seul livre sensé sur l'architecture au monde .
Il est aussi considéré aujourd'hui comme le théoricien incontesté de l'Art Nouveau et en sera avec presque trente ans d'avance le premier protagoniste.

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2024 - Gravir les montagnes en peinture
Un blog de Francis Rousseau

ETNA SKETCHED BY EUGENE VIOLLET-LE-DUC

EUGENE VIOLLET-LE-DUC (1814-1879)

Mount Etna or Mongibello (3,329 m - 10,922ft) 

 Italy (Sicily) 

In Le cratère de l'Etna en Sicile, 1836, watercolor, Musée Lambinet Versailles, France  

The mountain 
Mount Etna (3,329 m - 10,922ft) or Mongibello, Mungibeddu in Sicilian, Aetna in Latin is an active stratovolcano on the east coast of Sicily, in the Province of Catania, between Messina and Catania. It lies above the convergent plate margin between the African Plate and the Eurasian Plate. It is the tallest active volcano in Europe. It is the highest mountain in Italy south of the Alps. Etna covers an area of 1,190 km2 (459 sq mi) with a basal circumference of 140 km. This makes it by far the largest of the three active volcanoes in Italy, being about two and a half times the height of the next largest, Mount Vesuvius. Only Mount Teide in Tenerife surpasses it in the whole of the European–North-African region. In Greek Mythology, the deadly monster Typhon was trapped under this mountain by Zeus, the god of the sky and thunder and king of gods, and the forges of Hephaestus were said to also be located underneath it.
Mount Etna is one of the most active volcanoes in the world and is in an almost constant state of activity. The fertile volcanic soils support extensive agriculture, with vineyards and orchards spread across the lower slopes of the mountain and the broad Plain of Catania to the south.
Due to its history of recent activity and nearby population, Mount Etna has been designated a Decade Volcano by the United Nations. In June 2013, it was added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
- More informations about Mount Etna

The artist 
Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (not to be confused with the writer Violette Leduc) was a French architect and theorist, famous for his interpretive "restorations" of medieval buildings.  But he was, as well, an excellent but less famous watercolorist, sketching quite a number of mountains and volcanoes all over Europe.
Born in Paris, he was a major Gothic Revival architect. His works were largely restorative and few of his independent building designs were ever realised. Strongly contrary to the prevailing Beaux-Arts architectural trend of his time, much of his design work was largely derided by his contemporaries. He was the architect hired to design the internal structure of the Statue of Liberty, but died before the project was completed.
During the early 1830s, a popular sentiment for the restoration of medieval buildings developed in France. Viollet-le-Duc, returning during 1835 from study in Italy, was commissioned by Prosper Mérimée to restore the Romanesque abbey of Vézelay. This work was the first of a long series of restorations; Viollet-le-Duc's restorations at Notre Dame de Paris with Jean-Baptiste Lassus brought him national attention. His other main works include Mont Saint-Michel, Carcassonne, Roquetaillade castle and Pierrefonds.
Viollet-le-Duc's "restorations" frequently combined historical fact with creative modification. For example, under his supervision, Notre Dame was not only cleaned and restored but also "updated", gaining its distinctive third tower (a type of flèche) in addition to other smaller changes. Another of his most famous restorations, the medieval fortified town of Carcassonne, was similarly enhanced, gaining atop each of its many wall towers a set of pointed roofs that are actually more typical of northern France. Many of these reconstructions were controversial. Viollet-le-duc wanted what he called ‘a condition of completeness' which never actually existed at any given time. This approach to restoration was particularly problematic when buildings survived in a mixture of styles. For instance, Viollet-le-Duc eliminated eighteenth-century additions to Notre Dame. Both his theory and his practice were strongly criticized on the grounds that only what had once been in place should be reconstructed. At the same time, in the cultural atmosphere of the Second Empire theory necessarily became diluted in practice: Viollet-le-Duc provided a Gothic reliquary for the relic of the Crown of Thorns at Notre-Dame in 1862, and yet Napoleon III also commissioned designs for a luxuriously appointed railway carriage from Viollet-le-Duc, in 14th-century Gothic style.
Among his restorations were:
- Churches :
Notre-Dame in Paris, Abbey of the Mont Saint-Michel, Basilica of St. Mary Magdalene in Vézelay, St. Martin in Clamecy,  Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, Basilica of St. Denis near Paris, St. Louis in Poissy, Notre-Dame in Semur-en-Auxois, Basilica of St. Nazarius and St. Celsus in Carcasonne, Basilica of St. Sernin in Toulouse, Notre-Dame in Lausanne (Switzerland).
Town halls:
- Saint-Antonin-Noble-Val, Narbonne
Castles:
- Château de Roquetaillade in Bordeaux, Château de Pierrefonds, Fortified city of Carcassonne, Château de Coucy, Antoing in Belgium, Château de Vincennes in  Paris.
When monuments was to much damaged, he sometimes  obtain from the emperor Napoleon III the permission to entirely rebuilt it,  like he did in Avignon with the Popes ramparts all around the city.
Sources: 
- Encyclopedia Britannica 

LE MASSIF DU MERCANTOUR -ARGENTERA PEINT PAR BERNARD BUFFET

 

 

BERNARD BUFFET (1928-1999),
Le Mont Bégo (2,872 m) - Massif du Mercantour -Argentera
France (Alpes Maritimes) 

In  Promenade Provençale - Saorges.- 1993, Galerie Maurice Garnier, Paris 
 

A propos de cette œuvre
Bernard Buffet a peint cette œuvre pour une exposition intitulée Promenade Provençale qui eut lieu à la Galerie Maurice Garnier à Paris du 7 Octobre au 27 Novembre 1993. Cette toile qui représente ,comme un village provençal typique, le village de Saorges dans le massif du Mercantour-Argentera a aussi servi de couverture au catalogue de l'exposition et d'illustration à son affiche. La montagne que l'on aperçoit et font la paroi abrupte rappelle la silhouette de la Montagne Sainte Victoire, pourrait être le Mont Bego l"uns des nombreux sommets du Massif du Mercantour côté français, le point culminant du massif se trouvant en Italie.

La montagne
Le mont Bégo (2872 m) est un sommet situé dans la chaîne des Alpes, dans le massif du Mercantour-Argentera, dans les Alpes-Maritimes (France), proche de la vallée de la Roya.Ce sommet est à l'intérieur du parc national du Mercantour, et occupe une position centrale de la vallée des Merveilles (incluant la vallée de Fontanalbe). Il se trouve néanmoins en limite extérieure de la zone réglementée. Le nom provient d'une racine indo-européenne Beg, qui signifie seigneur divin. Les bergers, à l'origine des gravures dans la vallée des Merveilles il y a 4 000 ans, vénéraient ce sommet, lieu d'une intense activité orageuse en raison de son altitude et de la proximité de la Méditerranée, ainsi que de forts gisements de fer, d’uranium et autres minerais à forte attractivité électrique. Le mont Bégo est composé de conglomérats permiens. De sa position isolée en limite Sud du parc, il constitue avec la cime du Diable un sommet facilement observable depuis la côte. La voie normale d'accès utilise les éboulis du versant Sud au départ du refuge des Merveilles. Elle requiert une attention particulière pour l'orientation. L'arête terminale devient rocheuse sur quelques mètres, sans pour autant nécessiter des pas d'escalade. Au sommet, on observe un panorama privilégié sur les nombreux lacs des vallées qui l'entourent, sur la côte et en particulier Nice. Son ascension ne peut se faire qu'en présence d'un professionnel de montagne accrédité « parc national du Mercantour » en raison du passage en zone réglementée.

L'artiste
Bernard Buffet, est un peintre français expressionniste, peignant aussi bien des personnages que des figures, animaux, nus, paysages, intérieurs, natures mortes, fleurs. Aquarelliste, il fut également peintre de décors et illustrateur. En juin 1948, Buffet concourt avec Deux hommes dans une chambre pour le Prix de la critique (première édition), récemment fondé par Augustin Rumeau et son épouse, propriétaires de la galerie Saint-Placide. Il en sort lauréat ex-aequo avec Bernard Lorjou, de vingt ans son aîné. Le succès est immense. En juillet, une exposition de ses œuvres aura lieu dans cette Galerie. Il expose La Ravaudeuse de filet au Salon d'automne, où il fait la connaissance d'André Minaux. Avec ce dernier, Jean Couty et Simone Dat, il rejoint Bernard Lorjou,  au sein du groupe de L'homme témoin. En 1949 Pierre Descargues publie Bernard Buffet aux Presses littéraires de France. Un amateur d'art met un pavillon à Garches à sa disposition. Comme loyer, Bernard Buffet lui donne un tableau par trimestre.Bernard Buffet rencontre Pierre Bergé en 1950, « dans un café de la rue de la Seine [sic], aujourd'hui disparu, chez Constant » Pierre Bergé devient son compagnon, il gère sa carrière jusqu'à leur rupture en 1958. En mai 1958, le photographe Luc Fournol lui présente Annabel Schwob à Saint-Tropez, alors qu'il est déjà installé dans le succès. C'est le coup de foudre. Le 12 décembre 1958, il épouse Annabel Schwob à Ramatuelle.  Bernard Buffet peint Annabel Schwob inlassablement ; en 1961, l'une de ses expositions s'intitule « Trente fois Annabel Schwob ».
Bernard Buffet se revendiquait de peintres tels que David, Géricault ou Courbet. Il a marqué a contrario un dédain, parfois mordant, pour la peinture abstraite18 et rejette l'impressionnisme. Seuls quelques peintres font exception comme Manet qu'il qualifiera comme ne faisant pas vraiment partie du mouvement impressionniste. « Je n'ai rien contre la peinture abstraite, mais je me demande pourquoi ceux qui l'aiment tant ne la font pas eux-mêmes. Ce serait aussi bien et leur coûterait moins cher. » ( cité par Michel Droit dans Les Feux du crépuscule.)
Diminué par la maladie de Parkinson, Bernard Buffet se suicide par asphyxie le 4 octobre 1999 dans son atelier du Domaine de la Baume près de Tourtour (Var), étouffé dans un sac en plastique noir sur la surface duquel son nom était imprimé avec sa calligraphie particulière.

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2023 - Gravir les montagnes en peinture
Un blog de Francis Rousseau

 

KSAR D'AÏT BEN HADDOU PEINT PAR JACQUES MAJORELLE

 

 

JACQUES MAJORELLE (1886-1962)

Ksar d'Aït ben Haddou (250m)

Maroc

Le peintre
Jacques Majorelle, est un peintre orientaliste français. Fils de l’ébéniste Louis Majorelle, Jacques baigne, dès son enfance, dans le courant art nouveau de l'École de Nancy. Il accompagne fréquemment son père dans ses ateliers. Il s'inscrit en 1901 à l'École des beaux-arts de Nancy en section Architecture et Décoration. Dès 1903, Jacques Majorelle s’éloigne peu à peu de Nancy et de son père. Il préfère devenir peintre et part à Paris. Il s'inscrit à l’Académie Julian où il suit des cours à l'atelier de Schommer et Royer. Il voyage en Espagne et en Italie. Il expose en 1908 à Paris à la Société des Artistes Français. Souffrant d'une maladie pulmonaire, il recherche les climats chauds et secs ; en 1910, il découvre l’Égypte.Réformé à cause de sa maladie, il ne participe pas à la Première Guerre mondiale. En 1917, il arrive au Maroc et s’installe à Marrakech. Il donne l'année suivante une première exposition dans le hall de l’hôtel Excelsior, à Casablanca.
 Puis, il fait sa première expédition dans le sud du pays. Il publie à son retour Carnet de route d’un peintre dans l’Atlas et l’Anti-Atlas, journal relatant son périple.
Il peint le plafond de l'hôtel La Mamounia de Marrakech. En 1922, il acquiert une palmeraie au nord-ouest de la médina de Marrakech et fait appel, en 1929, au cabinet d'architectes Robert Poisson et Paul Sinoir pour la construction d'une "villa atelier" qui rappelle le style de Le Corbusier, alternant entre le traditionnel inspiré du Maroc avec une architecture mauresque (les fenêtres et le sol), et le moderne érigé dans un style Art déco en vogue à cette époque.
Il implante dans le jardin de nombreuses espèces : orangers, cocotiers, bananiers, yuccas, jasmins, bananiers, bougainvilliers, fuchsias, cactus et agaves. Il y aménage des bassins, jets d’eau, pergolas et allées. En 1926, son père meurt à Nancy et Jacques poursuit son exploration de l’Atlas.
En 1937, il peint sa villa de couleurs vives, dominées par un bleu outremer auquel il donne son nom. En 1947, il ouvre son jardin au public. En 1955, il est amputé d’un pied à la suite d'un accident de voiture.
Dès ses premières expositions à Nancy, dans les années 1908-1914, il est comparé au peintre Félix Ziem. Il cherche à réinventer l'orientalisme, s'éloignant de la recherche d'exotisme au profit de l'authenticité, notamment dans son travail sur l'Atlas. Il s'intéresse particulièrement à l'aspect médiéval des sites qu'il visite, comme le montre son recueil de 1930, Les Kasbah de l'Atlas marocain.
Au début des années 1930, il produit des nus de personnes Noires : son trait est aussi précis que celui d’Émile Friant, mais ce qui fait leurs succès, c'est le traitement des couleurs cuivrées de la peau, grâce à l'utilisation de poudres métalliques rehaussant la peinture8. Ces peintures le rendent célèbres à Paris, où elles s'intègrent dans une mode plus vaste qui célèbre Joséphine Baker ou le jazz.
Le travail pictural et urbaniste de Jacques Majorelle s'inscrit dans le projet du maréchal Lyautey qui cherche à « construire un monde nouveau » dans les colonies françaises.

La colline
Le ksar d'Aït-ben-Haddou est un ksar au Maroc, situé dans la province de Ouarzazate. Il est inscrit sur la liste du patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO depuis 1978.
Pendant le protectorat français, le ksar était surnommé « le Mont-saint-Michel des Chleuhs », population d'origine de ces lieux Aït-ben-Haddou est situé à 30 Km de Ouarzazate, dans la vallée de l’Ounila, au sud de Télouet, fief du Glaoui, vallée qui était un point de passage traditionnel des caravanes reliant Marrakech au sud du Sahara.
C’est un exemple frappant de l'architecture du sud marocain traditionnel, sur le flanc d’une colline au sommet de laquelle se trouve un grenier collectif (un agadir).
Le village se présente comme un ensemble de bâtiments de terre entourés de murailles, le ksar, qui est un type d'habitat traditionnel présaharien. Les maisons se regroupent à l'intérieur de ses murs défensifs renforcés par des tours d'angle. Certaines de ses habitations semblent être de petits châteaux avec leurs hautes tours décorées de motifs en brique crue. Les plus anciennes constructions dateraient du xviie siècle. Le site aurait d'ailleurs été l'un des nombreux comptoirs de la route commerciale qui reliait l'Afrique saharienne à Marrakech - on peut encore y voir un fondouk (caravansérail).
Tout autour de ce douar un ensemble de villages se regroupe. Au pied de la colline coule l'oued Maleh, dont le nom signifie « rivière salée ». L'eau est impropre à la consommation car très chargée en sel.
Les habitants de ces douars sont pour la plupart des berbères anciennement nomades qui ont ensuite choisi la sédentarité pour des raisons diverses.
Les bâtisses du ksar sont entièrement construites en pisé, avec des planchers en boi. Le pisé se présente comme un matériau très pratique et rentable, mais nécessitant un entretien permanent. Il se compose de terre compressée et d'argile, généralement mélangées à d'autres matériaux favorisant l'adhérence. Amghar Ben Haddou, ancien chef du village et dont l'éponyme fut donné au lieu par la suite, habitait l'emplacement du ksar dès l'époque des Almoravides (11ème siècle) pour le gouverner.

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2023 - Gravir les montagnes en peinture
Un blog de Francis Rousseau

LES DENTS DU MIDI PEINTES PAR FELIX VALOTTON

 

FELIX VALOTTON (1865-1925)
Les Dents du Midi (3,114 m to 3,257 m -10,216 ft to10,685 ft)
Suisse

In "Lac Léman et Les Dents-du-Midi", 1919, Huile sur toile, 38 x 54 cm, Collection privée 

La montagne
Les Dents du Midi (3 114 m à 3 257 m -10 216 pi à 10 685 pi) sont un massif montagneux de 3 kilomètres de long situé dans les Alpes du Chablais dans le canton du Valais en Suisse. Dominant au sud la vallée d'Illiez et la vallée du Rhône, elles font face au lac de Salanfe, retenue artificielle, et font partie de l'ensemble géologique du massif du Giffre.
L'appellation « Dents du Midi » est récente. Autrefois appelée "Dents Tsallen". ce n'est que vers la fin du 19e siècle que l'appellation « Dents du Midi » a été officiellement a utilisée. Chaque « dent » a eu plusieurs noms au fil des siècles, selon son évolution géologique.
- La "Cime de l'Est" (3178 mètres) appelée "Mont Novierre" avant le milieu du 17ème siècle, et "Mont Saint-Michel" après des éboulements en 1635 et 1636 et enfin "Dent Noire" (jusqu'au 19ème siècle) .
- La "Dent Jaune" (3186 m) s'appelait la "Dent Rouge" jusqu'en 1879.
- Le "Doigt de Champéry" (en 1882) puis le Doigt Salanfe (en 1886) se transforme juste en "Les Doigts" (Doigts) (3205 m et 3210 m).
- La "Haute Cime" (3257 m) eut aussi plusieurs noms : "Dent de l'Ouest" (jusqu'en 1784) puis "Dent du Midi", "Dent de Tsallen" et "Dent de Challent".
- Quant à l'Eperon (3114 m) (L'Eperon), on suppose qu'il y avait deux sommets mais un éboulement au Moyen Age a considérablement modifié sa crête.
- La Forteresse (3164 m) et la Cathédrale (3160 m) n'ont pas changé de nom.
L'évolution de ce massif se poursuit de nos jours. Ainsi le matin du 30 octobre 2006, un volume de 1 million de m3 de roche se détachait du bord de la Haute Cime et dévalait la pente jusqu'à environ 3000 m d'altitude. L'événement n'a pas présenté de danger pour le village voisin de Val-d'Illiez mais les routes et les sentiers ont été fermés pour des raisons de sécurité. Selon le géologue cantonal, le glissement de terrain a été causé par le dégel des roches, aidé par les étés chauds de ces dernières années.

Le peintre
Félix Vallotton, peintre d'origine suisse naturalisé français en 1900, est un artiste à cheval sur deux siècles, deux pays et plusieurs tendances esthétiques, des Nabis à la Neue Sachlichkeit (Nouvelle Objectivité). S'il est aujourd'hui moins connu en France qu'en Suisse, c'est pourtant à Paris, dans les années 1890, que ses gravures sur bois novatrices lui ont valu une renommée qui s'est rapidement étendue à l'Europe entière. Tout au long de sa vie le " Nabi étranger ", comme il était surnommé, s'est intéressé à une gamme étendue de sujets récurrents - intérieurs, toilettes, nus féminins, paysages, natures morte, rendus étranges par son style lisse et froid, aux couleurs raffinées, aux découpages et aux cadrages audacieux. Et bien qu'il ne fût pas toujours compris par la critique de son temps, Vallotton a su s'imposer comme une figure en vue de la scène artistique parisienne et trouver sa place dans le courant moderne, notamment en participant à de nombreuses manifestations internationales d'avant-garde devenues mythiques.
  

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2023 - Wandering Vertexes ....
            Errant au-dessus des Sommets Silencieux...
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