DJEBEL SAGHRO PEINT PAR HENRY OSSAWA TANNER

HENRY OSSAWA TANNER (1859-1937)
Djebel Saghro (2,712m)
Maroc

In The Good Shepherd (Atlas Mountains, Morocco) (c. 1930) Oil on fiberboard, 75.8 x 91.3 cm. Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington DC (Gift of Mr. & Mrs. Norman Robbins)

 

La montagne
Le djebel Saghro (2,712m) appelée en berbère : Adrar Saghru est une montagne du Sud marocain qui  se situe à l'est de Ouarzazate, à 70 km au sud du Haut Atlas central, dominant les vallées du Drâa à l'ouest et au sud, et celle du Dadès au nord. Il constitue la partie orientale de l'Anti-Atlas. Son histoire géologique est très ancienne avec une alternance de phases volcaniques, de sédimentation puis d'érosion. Les premiers reliefs volcaniques sont constitués de trachytes et de rhyolites. Leur érosion a formé des conglomérats et des grès. Il y a eu ensuite des périodes de sédimentation continentale, puis marine (gisements de trilobites). Le soulèvement de la période hercynienne donne la forme générale du massif. Plusieurs épisodes tectoniques avec issue de roches magmatiques (dolérites), puis volcaniques au Tertiaire  avec libération de phonolithes se prolongent jusqu'à l'orée du Quaternaire. L'érosion complète la morphologie actuelle du massif. Des mines sont exploitées sur le versant nord à Tiouit (or, argent). Les villages, peu nombreux, se réduisent à quelques petites maisons entourées d’un bouquet de palmiers ou d’amandiers. Les nomades de la tribu des Ait Atta y font paître leurs troupeaux de chèvres et de moutons en attendant la transhumance vers le Haut Atlas comme dépeint dans cettet oile d'Henry Taner, Le Berger de Dieu.  

Le peintre
Henry Ossawa Tanner est un peintre afro-américain qui atteignit la renommée internationale pour ses peintures de paysages et d'inspiration religieuse. Henry Ossawa Tanner1 est né à Pittsburgh, en Pennsylvanie.  En 1864, il suivit sa famille à Philadelphie où il commença à se passionner pour les arts. Dès 1876, il se met à dessiner des paysages et des animaux vus au zoo de Philadelphie. De 1879 à 1885, il suit des études à la Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts et a pour professeur Thomas Eakins6 Thomas Hovenden et William Merritt Chase. Henry Ossawa Tanner ouvre son propre atelier de peinture en 1886 à Philadelphie. En 1888, il s'installe à Atlanta où il ouvre un studio de photographie et parallèlement, enseigne le dessin à l'Université Clark. Une exposition de ses œuvres organisée par l'évêque méthodiste Joseph Crane Hartzell et son épouse lui permet de recueillir suffisamment d'argent pour fuir les États-Unis dont le racisme ambiant le décourage. En 1891, Henry Ossawa Tanner voyage en France, où il s'installera, il s'inscrit à l'Académie Julian où il étudie la peinture avec Jean-Joseph Benjamin Constant et Jean-Paul Laurens puis rejoint l’American Art Students Club de Paris. Il arrive à Étaples en 1900, là où se trouve la colonie artistique d'Étaples, sur les conseils de son ami Paul Dessart. Tout en vivant en Normandie, il garde un studio rue de Fleurus à Paris. En 1912, il voyage au Maroc en compagnie d'Hilda Rix Nicholas et d'Annie L. Simpson. En 1897, Henry Ossawa Tanner sort de l'ombre lorsque le gouvernement français achète sa peinture "The Raising of Lazarus" exposée au Salon de Paris. Grâce à ses peintures d'inspiration religieuse, il atteint une réputation internationale. En 1927, il sera le premier afro-américain à être élu membre de l'Académie américaine des beaux-arts.

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2011-2024 - Gravir les montagnes en peinture
Un blog de Francis Rousseau

ADRAR SAGRO PAINTED BY PAUL-JEAN FLANDRIN

PAUL-JEAN FLANDRIN (1811-1902)
Adrar Sagro  (2,712m - 8,897ft)
Morocco 

 In   "Les Gorges de l'Atlas, " 1843, oil on canvas, 1843, Private collection

The mountain
Adrar Saghro or Jebel Saghro (2,712m - 8,897ft) is a mountain in southern Morocco, located east of Ouarzazate, 70 km south of the central High Atlas, dominating the Drâa valleys to the west and south, and that of Dades to the north. It constitutes the eastern part of the Anti-Atlas. Jebel Saghro is the driest area of the Anti-Atlas range. Unlike the areas located further west, it does not benefit from a high enough air humidity due to the remoteness of the Atlantic Ocean. Annual precipitation does not exceed 100 mm in the south and 300 mm on the summits. Jebel Saghro is oriented along a southwest / northeast axis, and extends towards Jebel Ougnat east of Wadi Alnif and the Tizi n'Boujou pass. It borders the Dades valley and the High Atlas to the north and links the Drâa valley to the south. Lunar landscape of plateaus, peaks, canyons crossed by wadis, forests, all dominated by basalt peaks. Oleanders, junipers, mountain flowers ... occupy the valley bottoms. The north-south crossings are made by three passes crossed by difficult and very spectacular tracks: the Tazazert pass (2,283 m), the Kouaouch pass (2,592 m), and the Tagmout pass (1,919 m). The highest point of the mountain is Amalou n Mansour (2,712 m) which is located to the south-east of the village of Iknioun.
Charles de Foucauld, still only in search of adventure, is one of the first Western travelers to have described his crossing of Jebel Saghro (Reconnaissance au Maroc published in 1888 in Paris). It completes its description with a topographic survey. Jebel Saghro was also later the setting for fierce fighting linked to the progression of the French army within the framework of the protectorate, the battle of Bougafer (February-March 1933), in which the French troops allied to those of the Sultan of Morocco faced an impressive and heroic resistance from the Aït Atta tribes led by Sheikh Assou Oubasslam. It is in this massif that the famous captain Henry de Bournazel, one of the protagonists of this war, was killed in the fight against the Berbers, while assaulting the rocky dome.

 
The painter
Paul-Jean Flandrin is a French painter, younger brother of the painters Auguste Flandrin and Hippolyte Flandrin. he first received advice from the landscape and animal painter Antoine Duclaux, as well as from the sculptor Jean-François Legendre-Héral, before joining the École des beaux-arts de Lyon, then that of Paris and the workshop by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres.
He failed twice in the Prix de Rome competition but nevertheless joined at his own expense his brother Hippolyte in Italy. They stayed in Rome for four years, during which Paul specialized in landscape painting. He carried out studies from nature which he used to undertake historical compositions which he presented at the Parisian Salons. He also regularly collaborates on the landscapes of his older brother's paintings. Flandrin continued until late in the nineteenth century this tradition of classical landscape of which he was one of the best representatives, alongside Édouard Bertin or his father-in-law Alexandre Desgoffe. He combines this with a sense of line and ideal inherited from the lessons of his master Ingres. Charles Baudelaire thus accuses him of wanting to “Ingriser” (painted like Ingres) the landscape, a criticism that will long be associated with it. 

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2021 - Wandering Vertexes...
by Francis Rousseau

HIGH ATLAS PAINTED BY JACQUES MAJORELLE

 

JACQUES MAJORELLE (1886-1962)
High Atlas (4,167 m - 2.589 mi - 13,678 ft)
Morocco  

 

In La kasbah d'Ammeniter et la Vallée d'Ounila, Oil on canvas, 1925,  Private collection

The mountain
High Atlas, also called the Grand Atlas is a mountain range in central Morocco, North Africa, the highest part of the Atlas Mountains. The High Atlas rises in the west at the Atlantic Ocean and stretches in an eastern direction to the Moroccan-Algerian border. At the Atlantic and to the southwest the range drops abruptly and makes an impressive transition to the coast and the Anti-Atlas range. To the north, in the direction of Marrakech, the range descends less abruptly. The range includes Jbel Toubkal, which at 4,167 m (2.589 mi; 13,671 ft) is the highest in the range and lies in Toubkal National Park. The range serves as a weather system barrier in Morocco running east–west and separating the Sahara from the Mediterranean and continental zones to the north and west. In the higher elevations of the massif, snow falls regularly, allowing winter sports. Snow lasts well into last spring in the High Atlas, mostly on the northern faces of the range. On the Western High Atlas, there is Oukaïmeden, one of three main ski stations in Morocco.
The High Atlas forms the basins for a multiplicity of river systems. The majority of the year-round rivers flow to the north, providing the basis for the settlements there. A number of wadis and seasonal rivers terminate in the deserts to the south and plateaux to the east of the mountains. The High-Atlas Mountains are inhabited by Berbers, who live from agriculture and pastoralism in the valleys. In the steppe zone of the High-Atlas, where precipitations are low, the locals created a smart technique in managing the low precipitations and the weak soil. They turn the rather semi-arid lands into fertile valleys called locally by Agdal (garden in Berber). This technique has intrigued many Western agriculturalists, in which they were impressed by the high efficiency of this agricultural system. Many scientists, particularly French scientists, make yearly expeditions to observe the community and their living system.

 

The painter  

Jacques Majorelle son of the celebrated Art Nouveau furniture designer Louis Majorelle, was a French painter. He studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Nancy in 1901 and later at the Académie Julian in Paris with Schommer and Royer. Majorelle became a noted Orientalist painter, but is most remembered for constructing the villa and gardens that now carry his name, Les Jardins Majorelle in Marrakech.
In around 1917 he travelled to Morocco to recover from heart problems and after short period spent in Casablanca, he visited Marrakech, where he fell in love with the vibrant colours and quality of light he found there. Initially, he used Marrakech as a base for trips to Spain, Italy and other parts of North Africa, including Egypt. Eventually, however, he settled in Marrakech permanently.
He drew inspiration for his paintings from his trips and from Marrakesch itself. His paintings include many street scenes, souks and kasbahs as well as portraits of local inhabitants. He opened a handicrafts workshop in Marrakech and also designed posters to promote travel to Morocco.  His work was profoundly affected by his voyages around the Mediterannean and North Africa. He introduced a more coloured vision, bathed in light where the drawing disappears and the image emerges from large spots of colour laid flat. It seemed as if he had discoved the sun in these countries. His style exhibited more freedom and spontaneity.
In 1919, he married Andrée Longueville and the pair lived in an apartment near the Jemâa el-Fna Square (then at the palace of Pasha Ben Daoud). In 1923, Jacques Majorelle bought a four acre plot, situated on the border of a palm grove in Marrakech and in 1931, he commissioned the architect, Paul Sinoir, to design a Cubist villa for him. He gradually purchased additional land, extending his holding by almost 10 acres. In the grounds around the residence, Majorelle began planting a luxuriant garden which would become known as the Jardins Majorelle or Majorelle Garden. He continued to work on the garden for almost forty years. The garden is often said to be the his finest work.  Majorelle developed a special shade of the colour blue, which was inspired by the blue tiles prevalent in southern Morocco. This colour was used extensively in Majorelle's house and garden, and now carries his name; Majorelle Blue.
The garden proved costly to run and in 1947, Majorelle opened the garden to the public with an admission fee designed to defray the cost of maintenance.  He sold the house and land in the 1950s, after which it fell into disrepair.
Majorelle was sent to France for medical treatment in 1962 following a car accident, and died in Paris, later that year of complications from his injuries. He is buried in Nancy, the place of his birth.
During his lifetime, many of Majorelle's paintings were sold to private buyers and remain in private collections. Some of his early works can be found in Museums around his birthplace such as the Musée de l'Ecole de Nancy. Examples of his later work can be seen in the Mamounia Hotel, Marrakesch, the French Consulate of Marrakech and in the Villa at the Majorelle Gardens. 

 

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2020 - Wandering Vertexes...
by Francis Rousseau