DJEBEL SAGHRO PEINT PAR HENRY OSSAWA TANNER

HENRY OSSAWA TANNER (1859-1937)
Djebel Saghro (2,712m)
Maroc

In The Good Shepherd (Atlas Mountains, Morocco) (c. 1930) Oil on fiberboard, 75.8 x 91.3 cm. Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington DC (Gift of Mr. & Mrs. Norman Robbins)

 

La montagne
Le djebel Saghro (2,712m) appelée en berbère : Adrar Saghru est une montagne du Sud marocain qui  se situe à l'est de Ouarzazate, à 70 km au sud du Haut Atlas central, dominant les vallées du Drâa à l'ouest et au sud, et celle du Dadès au nord. Il constitue la partie orientale de l'Anti-Atlas. Son histoire géologique est très ancienne avec une alternance de phases volcaniques, de sédimentation puis d'érosion. Les premiers reliefs volcaniques sont constitués de trachytes et de rhyolites. Leur érosion a formé des conglomérats et des grès. Il y a eu ensuite des périodes de sédimentation continentale, puis marine (gisements de trilobites). Le soulèvement de la période hercynienne donne la forme générale du massif. Plusieurs épisodes tectoniques avec issue de roches magmatiques (dolérites), puis volcaniques au Tertiaire  avec libération de phonolithes se prolongent jusqu'à l'orée du Quaternaire. L'érosion complète la morphologie actuelle du massif. Des mines sont exploitées sur le versant nord à Tiouit (or, argent). Les villages, peu nombreux, se réduisent à quelques petites maisons entourées d’un bouquet de palmiers ou d’amandiers. Les nomades de la tribu des Ait Atta y font paître leurs troupeaux de chèvres et de moutons en attendant la transhumance vers le Haut Atlas comme dépeint dans cettet oile d'Henry Taner, Le Berger de Dieu.  

Le peintre
Henry Ossawa Tanner est un peintre afro-américain qui atteignit la renommée internationale pour ses peintures de paysages et d'inspiration religieuse. Henry Ossawa Tanner1 est né à Pittsburgh, en Pennsylvanie.  En 1864, il suivit sa famille à Philadelphie où il commença à se passionner pour les arts. Dès 1876, il se met à dessiner des paysages et des animaux vus au zoo de Philadelphie. De 1879 à 1885, il suit des études à la Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts et a pour professeur Thomas Eakins6 Thomas Hovenden et William Merritt Chase. Henry Ossawa Tanner ouvre son propre atelier de peinture en 1886 à Philadelphie. En 1888, il s'installe à Atlanta où il ouvre un studio de photographie et parallèlement, enseigne le dessin à l'Université Clark. Une exposition de ses œuvres organisée par l'évêque méthodiste Joseph Crane Hartzell et son épouse lui permet de recueillir suffisamment d'argent pour fuir les États-Unis dont le racisme ambiant le décourage. En 1891, Henry Ossawa Tanner voyage en France, où il s'installera, il s'inscrit à l'Académie Julian où il étudie la peinture avec Jean-Joseph Benjamin Constant et Jean-Paul Laurens puis rejoint l’American Art Students Club de Paris. Il arrive à Étaples en 1900, là où se trouve la colonie artistique d'Étaples, sur les conseils de son ami Paul Dessart. Tout en vivant en Normandie, il garde un studio rue de Fleurus à Paris. En 1912, il voyage au Maroc en compagnie d'Hilda Rix Nicholas et d'Annie L. Simpson. En 1897, Henry Ossawa Tanner sort de l'ombre lorsque le gouvernement français achète sa peinture "The Raising of Lazarus" exposée au Salon de Paris. Grâce à ses peintures d'inspiration religieuse, il atteint une réputation internationale. En 1927, il sera le premier afro-américain à être élu membre de l'Académie américaine des beaux-arts.

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2011-2024 - Gravir les montagnes en peinture
Un blog de Francis Rousseau

KSAR D'AÏT BEN HADDOU PEINT PAR JACQUES MAJORELLE

 

 

JACQUES MAJORELLE (1886-1962)

Ksar d'Aït ben Haddou (250m)

Maroc

Le peintre
Jacques Majorelle, est un peintre orientaliste français. Fils de l’ébéniste Louis Majorelle, Jacques baigne, dès son enfance, dans le courant art nouveau de l'École de Nancy. Il accompagne fréquemment son père dans ses ateliers. Il s'inscrit en 1901 à l'École des beaux-arts de Nancy en section Architecture et Décoration. Dès 1903, Jacques Majorelle s’éloigne peu à peu de Nancy et de son père. Il préfère devenir peintre et part à Paris. Il s'inscrit à l’Académie Julian où il suit des cours à l'atelier de Schommer et Royer. Il voyage en Espagne et en Italie. Il expose en 1908 à Paris à la Société des Artistes Français. Souffrant d'une maladie pulmonaire, il recherche les climats chauds et secs ; en 1910, il découvre l’Égypte.Réformé à cause de sa maladie, il ne participe pas à la Première Guerre mondiale. En 1917, il arrive au Maroc et s’installe à Marrakech. Il donne l'année suivante une première exposition dans le hall de l’hôtel Excelsior, à Casablanca.
 Puis, il fait sa première expédition dans le sud du pays. Il publie à son retour Carnet de route d’un peintre dans l’Atlas et l’Anti-Atlas, journal relatant son périple.
Il peint le plafond de l'hôtel La Mamounia de Marrakech. En 1922, il acquiert une palmeraie au nord-ouest de la médina de Marrakech et fait appel, en 1929, au cabinet d'architectes Robert Poisson et Paul Sinoir pour la construction d'une "villa atelier" qui rappelle le style de Le Corbusier, alternant entre le traditionnel inspiré du Maroc avec une architecture mauresque (les fenêtres et le sol), et le moderne érigé dans un style Art déco en vogue à cette époque.
Il implante dans le jardin de nombreuses espèces : orangers, cocotiers, bananiers, yuccas, jasmins, bananiers, bougainvilliers, fuchsias, cactus et agaves. Il y aménage des bassins, jets d’eau, pergolas et allées. En 1926, son père meurt à Nancy et Jacques poursuit son exploration de l’Atlas.
En 1937, il peint sa villa de couleurs vives, dominées par un bleu outremer auquel il donne son nom. En 1947, il ouvre son jardin au public. En 1955, il est amputé d’un pied à la suite d'un accident de voiture.
Dès ses premières expositions à Nancy, dans les années 1908-1914, il est comparé au peintre Félix Ziem. Il cherche à réinventer l'orientalisme, s'éloignant de la recherche d'exotisme au profit de l'authenticité, notamment dans son travail sur l'Atlas. Il s'intéresse particulièrement à l'aspect médiéval des sites qu'il visite, comme le montre son recueil de 1930, Les Kasbah de l'Atlas marocain.
Au début des années 1930, il produit des nus de personnes Noires : son trait est aussi précis que celui d’Émile Friant, mais ce qui fait leurs succès, c'est le traitement des couleurs cuivrées de la peau, grâce à l'utilisation de poudres métalliques rehaussant la peinture8. Ces peintures le rendent célèbres à Paris, où elles s'intègrent dans une mode plus vaste qui célèbre Joséphine Baker ou le jazz.
Le travail pictural et urbaniste de Jacques Majorelle s'inscrit dans le projet du maréchal Lyautey qui cherche à « construire un monde nouveau » dans les colonies françaises.

La colline
Le ksar d'Aït-ben-Haddou est un ksar au Maroc, situé dans la province de Ouarzazate. Il est inscrit sur la liste du patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO depuis 1978.
Pendant le protectorat français, le ksar était surnommé « le Mont-saint-Michel des Chleuhs », population d'origine de ces lieux Aït-ben-Haddou est situé à 30 Km de Ouarzazate, dans la vallée de l’Ounila, au sud de Télouet, fief du Glaoui, vallée qui était un point de passage traditionnel des caravanes reliant Marrakech au sud du Sahara.
C’est un exemple frappant de l'architecture du sud marocain traditionnel, sur le flanc d’une colline au sommet de laquelle se trouve un grenier collectif (un agadir).
Le village se présente comme un ensemble de bâtiments de terre entourés de murailles, le ksar, qui est un type d'habitat traditionnel présaharien. Les maisons se regroupent à l'intérieur de ses murs défensifs renforcés par des tours d'angle. Certaines de ses habitations semblent être de petits châteaux avec leurs hautes tours décorées de motifs en brique crue. Les plus anciennes constructions dateraient du xviie siècle. Le site aurait d'ailleurs été l'un des nombreux comptoirs de la route commerciale qui reliait l'Afrique saharienne à Marrakech - on peut encore y voir un fondouk (caravansérail).
Tout autour de ce douar un ensemble de villages se regroupe. Au pied de la colline coule l'oued Maleh, dont le nom signifie « rivière salée ». L'eau est impropre à la consommation car très chargée en sel.
Les habitants de ces douars sont pour la plupart des berbères anciennement nomades qui ont ensuite choisi la sédentarité pour des raisons diverses.
Les bâtisses du ksar sont entièrement construites en pisé, avec des planchers en boi. Le pisé se présente comme un matériau très pratique et rentable, mais nécessitant un entretien permanent. Il se compose de terre compressée et d'argile, généralement mélangées à d'autres matériaux favorisant l'adhérence. Amghar Ben Haddou, ancien chef du village et dont l'éponyme fut donné au lieu par la suite, habitait l'emplacement du ksar dès l'époque des Almoravides (11ème siècle) pour le gouverner.

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2023 - Gravir les montagnes en peinture
Un blog de Francis Rousseau

TAZOUDA ET LE HAUT ATLAS PEINT PAR JACQUES MAJORELLE

 

JACQUES MAJORELLE (1886-1962)
Tazouda / Tondoute (1,539m - 5,049 ft)
Maroc

In La Kasba de Tazouda, 1949, gouache sur papier, 60 x 90cm, Musée de Tazouda

La montagne
Le Haut Atlas oriental est formé des vastes plateaux d'altitude de la haute Moulouya. Ces plateaux s'étendent de Midelt — province de Khénifra, abritant le djebel Ayachi - à Imilchil - province d'Errachidia, où se trouvent le Djebel Saghro et le massif ancien de Tamlelt dont la bordure nord est occupée par ses plus hauts sommets, tel le djebel Ayachi
L'altitude s'affaiblit vers l'est, où débute le domaine des hamadas (zone pré-saharienne). Ce massif est devenu un site paléontologique de renommée internationale, à la suite de la découverte des ossements d'un dinosaure alors inconnu, l'Atlasaurus, dinosaure quadrupède herbivore d'environ 18 à 20 mètres de long qui peuplait le Maroc il y a 165 millions d'années (Jurassique moyen). Un autre dinosaure d'environ neuf mètres de long a été baptisé Tazoudasaurus naimi, du nom du village de Tazouda où il a été découvert (à 70 kilomètres de la ville de Ouarzazate). Il est plus ancien que le précédent (environ 180 millions d'années) et pourrait bien être l'« ancêtre » des sauropodes d'Amérique du Nord qui, eux, ont 140 millions d'années — une époque où l’Afrique du Nord et le continent américain étaient soudés.

Le peintre
Jacques Majorelle, fils du célèbre créateur de meubles Art nouveau Louis Majorelle, était un peintre français. Il étudie à l'École des Beaux-Arts de Nancy en 1901 puis à l'Académie Julian à Paris avec Schommer et Royer. Majorelle est devenu un peintre orientaliste réputé, mais il est surtout connu pour avoir construit la villa et les jardins qui portent désormais son nom, Les Jardins Majorelle à Marrakech.
Vers 1917, il se rendit au Maroc pour se remettre de problèmes cardiaques et après une courte période passée à Casablanca, il se rendit à Marrakech, où il tomba amoureux des couleurs vibrantes et de la qualité de la lumière qu'il y trouva. Il commença par utiliser Marrakech comme base de départ pour des voyages en Espagne, en Italie et dans d'autres parties de l'Afrique du Nord, y compris l'Égypte, avant de finalement, s'y s'installer définitivement.
Il s'est inspiré pour ses peintures de ses voyages et de Marrakech même. Ses peintures rendent compte de nombreuses scènes de rue, souks et kasbahs ainsi que de portraits d'habitants locaux. Il ouvrit un atelier d'artisanat à Marrakech et  également conçut des affiches pour promouvoir les voyages au Maroc. Il introduisit une vision plus colorée, baignée de lumière où le dessin disparaît et l'image émerge de larges taches de couleur posées à plat. C'était comme s'il avait découvert le soleil dans ces contrées. Son style fait preuve de plus de liberté et de spontanéité.
Du vivant même de Majorelle,  nombre de ses peintures  ont été vendues à des collectionneurs  privés et restent encore aujourd'hui jalousement dans ces collections. Certaines de ses premières œuvres se trouvent dans les musées autour de sa ville natale comme le Musée de l'Ecole de Nancy. Des exemples de ses travaux ultérieurs peuvent être vus à l'Hôtel Mamounia de Marrakech, au consulat de France de Marrakech, à la Villa des jardins Majorelle ou au Musée de Tazouda. 

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2022 - Wandering Vertexes ....
            Errant au-dessus des Sommets Silencieux...
            Un blog de Francis Rousseau

DJEBEL TOUKBAL (4) PAINTED BY SIR WINSTON CHURCHILL

SIR WINSTON CHURCHILL (1874-1965)
Jebel Toubkal (4,167 m - 13, 671 ft)
Morocco

In Atlas mountains viewed from Marrakech, oil on canvas, 1949.

The mountain 

Jebel Toubkal (4,167 m - 13, 671 ft)  is the high point of the High Atlas as well as Morocco and North Africa . It is located 63 km south of Marrakech, in the province of Al Haouz, inside the national park that bears its name.
The word Toubkal would be a deformation of French origin of the same Amazigh name Tugg Akal or toug-akal  which means "the one who looks up the earth". The people of this region still use this name.  The Toubkal massif is made up of rocks of various natures. Dark rocks of volcanic origin are found on the summits of andesite and rhyolite. Glaciers have left characteristic marks of their passage in the form of valleys in trough. During the Würm glaciation, the present valley of Assif n'Ait Mizane  was occupied by the longest glacier in the Atlas, about 5 km long.
The climate at Jebel Toubkal  is mountainous. The snow falls in winter and covers the summit.
In the nineteenth century, the interior of Morocco was still terra incognita for the Europeans and for a long time the Jebel Ayachi (3,747 m -12,293ft) ) passed for the highest summit of the High Atlas. In fact, the Toubkal was officially climbed for the first time only on 12 June 1923 by the Marquis de Segonzac, accompanied by Vincent Berger and Hubert Dolbeau. The cairns which they found on the summit had been built by the Berbers of the environs for whom the Toubkal is a holy place dedicated to Sidi Chamarouch (or Chamharouch). A sanctuary is dedicated to him on the way from Imlil to Toubkal.
The ascent of the roof of North Africa attracts a large number of followers of the trekking. This ascent attracts the crowd as much as it does not present great technical difficulties and that the assistance of the muleteers and their mules reduces the physical efforts. The altitude is relatively high (3,200 meters at the shelter and 4,167 meters at the summit).

The artist
Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill was forty before he discovered the pleasures of painting. The compositional challenge of depicting a landscape gave the heroic rebel in him temporary repose. He possessed the heightened perception of the genuine artist to whom no scene is commonplace. Over a period of forty-eight years his creativity yielded more than 500 pictures. His art quickly became half passion, half philosophy. He enjoyed holding forth in speech and print on the aesthetic rewards for amateur devotees. To him it was the greatest of hobbies. He had found his other world -- a respite from crowding events and pulsating politics.
Encouragement to persevere with his hobby stemmed from an amateur prize (his first) which he won for "Winter Sunshine, Chartwell" a bright reflection of his Kentish home. He sent five paintings to be exhibited in Paris in the 1920s.
Modesty shone through that self-estimate. Modesty - and warm sympathy --were undeniably evident in what Churchill told a fellow painter, Sergeant Edmund Murray, his bodyguard from 1950 to 1965. Murray had been in the Foreign Legion and the London Metropolitan Police. Interviewing him to gauge his suitability, Churchill said: "You have had a most interesting life. And I hear you even paint in oils." After Murray had his work rejected by the Royal Academy, Churchill told him: "You know, your paintings are so much better than mine, but yours are judged on their merit."
Churchill's progressive workmanship demonstrates that a pseudonym employed at a crucial stage shrewdly enabled him to find out where he stood before moving on to fine-tool his talent.Churchill again favoured a pseudonym (Mr. Winter) in 1947 when offering works to the Royal Academy, so his fame in other spheres was not exploited. Two pictures were accepted and eventually the title of Honorary Academician Extraordinary was conferred on him. He earned it. That is borne out by the conclusion of the renowned painter Sir Oswald Birley: "If Churchill had given the time to art that he has given to politics, he would have been by all odds the world's greatest painter." Connoisseurs of Sir Winston's art stoutly defend their individual preference, but there are convincing arguments for bestowing highest praise on "The Blue Sitting Room, Trent Park" which was sold in 1949 to aid charity.
Despite outward flippancy, Churchill had a true craftsman's dedication when he took up a paint brush. He consulted teachers admired for their professionalism. He was fond of citing Ruskin's Elements of Drawing and readily accepted Sir William Orpen's suggestion that he should visit Avignon, where the light can verge on a miracle. He recalled an encounter on the Côte d'Azur with artists who worshipped at the throne of Cezanne and gratefully acknowledged the inspiration he derived from their exchange. Marrakech, Morocco -- irresistible and productive -- always brought out the best in him.
Churchill sought and found tranquillity in his art. His much quoted words, summing up expectations of celestial bliss, retain their lustre: "When I get to heaven I mean to spend a considerable portion of my first million years in painting, and so get to the bottom of the subject..."
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2022 - Wandering Vertexes...
by Francis Rousseau  

RAS MOULAY ALI PAINTED BY JACQUES MAJORELLE

JACQUES MAJORELLE (1886-1962)
Ras Moulay Ali, (603 m-1 978 fr)
Morocco

In "Tassa, Haut Sexaoua, Grand Atlas, le Ras Moulay Ali", Technique mixte rehaussée d'or et d'argent,1929

About the painting
In 1926 Majorelle undertook a journey across the Kasbahs of the Atlas. Tassa, easily recognized by its impressive terrace-like layout, was a frequent source of inspiration for Majorelle in the course of 1929. His use of an elaborate technique of tempera with gold and silver highlights adds a strong graphic dimension to the painting. Applying black and ochre highlights, Majorelle subtly hints to the warm lighting of sunset, which accentuates the volume effect, highlighting the terraces and the Great-Atlas in the background. Also, the greenery diffuses an impression of coolness which is in stark contrast with the consuming heat of the dry mineral landscape.“His new compositions exude a distinctive penchant for neatness and simplicity, immense precision and an effort in researching a voluntarily decorative layout.  His fifty compositions were drawn with implacable rigor. The coloring appears in mellow hues and muted shades, which once highlighted with gold and silver, invigorate the entire composition with rich, stirring intemporality” In November 1930, in parallel with an exhibition of seventy drawings and paintings of Kasbahs held at the Renaissance gallery, a book containing thirty views of Kasbahs was also published.
(cf, Félix Marcilhac, La vie et l'œuvre de Jacques Majorelle (1886 - 1962), ed.ACR, 1995, p.137-138)

The painter
Jacques Majorelle son of the celebrated Art Nouveau furniture designer Louis Majorelle, was a French painter. He studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Nancy in 1901 and later at the Académie Julian in Paris with Schommer and Royer. Majorelle became a noted Orientalist painter, but is most remembered for constructing the villa and gardens that now carry his name, Les Jardins Majorelle in Marrakech.
In around 1917 he travelled to Morocco to recover from heart problems and after short period spent in Casablanca, he visited Marrakech, where he fell in love with the vibrant colours and quality of light he found there. Initially, he used Marrakech as a base for trips to Spain, Italy and other parts of North Africa, including Egypt. Eventually, however, he settled in Marrakech permanently.
He drew inspiration for his paintings from his trips and from Marrakesch itself. His paintings include many street scenes, souks and kasbahs as well as portraits of local inhabitants. He opened a handicrafts workshop in Marrakech and also designed posters to promote travel to Morocco. His work was profoundly affected by his voyages around the Mediterannean and North Africa. He introduced a more coloured vision, bathed in light where the drawing disappears and the image emerges from large spots of colour laid flat. It seemed as if he had discoved the sun in these countries. His style exhibited more freedom and spontaneity.
In 1919, he married Andrée Longueville and the pair lived in an apartment near the Jemâa el-Fna Square (then at the palace of Pasha Ben Daoud). In 1923, Jacques Majorelle bought a four acre plot, situated on the border of a palm grove in Marrakech and in 1931, he commissioned the architect, Paul Sinoir, to design a Cubist villa for him. He gradually purchased additional land, extending his holding by almost 10 acres. In the grounds around the residence, Majorelle began planting a luxuriant garden which would become known as the Jardins Majorelle or Majorelle Garden. He continued to work on the garden for almost forty years. The garden is often said to be the his finest work. Majorelle developed a special shade of the colour blue, which was inspired by the blue tiles prevalent in southern Morocco. This colour was used extensively in Majorelle's house and garden, and now carries his name; Majorelle Blue.
The garden proved costly to run and in 1947, Majorelle opened the garden to the public with an admission fee designed to defray the cost of maintenance. He sold the house and land in the 1950s, after which it fell into disrepair.
Majorelle was sent to France for medical treatment in 1962 following a car accident, and died in Paris, later that year of complications from his injuries. He is buried in Nancy, the place of his birth.
During his lifetime, many of Majorelle's paintings were sold to private buyers and remain in private collections. Some of his early works can be found in Museums around his birthplace such as the Musée de l'Ecole de Nancy. Examples of his later work can be seen in the Mamounia Hotel, Marrakesch, the French Consulate of Marrakech and in the Villa at the Majorelle Gardens.

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2022 - Wandering Vertexes...
by Francis Rousseau

 

ADRAR SAGRO PAINTED BY PAUL-JEAN FLANDRIN

PAUL-JEAN FLANDRIN (1811-1902)
Adrar Sagro  (2,712m - 8,897ft)
Morocco 

 In   "Les Gorges de l'Atlas, " 1843, oil on canvas, 1843, Private collection

The mountain
Adrar Saghro or Jebel Saghro (2,712m - 8,897ft) is a mountain in southern Morocco, located east of Ouarzazate, 70 km south of the central High Atlas, dominating the Drâa valleys to the west and south, and that of Dades to the north. It constitutes the eastern part of the Anti-Atlas. Jebel Saghro is the driest area of the Anti-Atlas range. Unlike the areas located further west, it does not benefit from a high enough air humidity due to the remoteness of the Atlantic Ocean. Annual precipitation does not exceed 100 mm in the south and 300 mm on the summits. Jebel Saghro is oriented along a southwest / northeast axis, and extends towards Jebel Ougnat east of Wadi Alnif and the Tizi n'Boujou pass. It borders the Dades valley and the High Atlas to the north and links the Drâa valley to the south. Lunar landscape of plateaus, peaks, canyons crossed by wadis, forests, all dominated by basalt peaks. Oleanders, junipers, mountain flowers ... occupy the valley bottoms. The north-south crossings are made by three passes crossed by difficult and very spectacular tracks: the Tazazert pass (2,283 m), the Kouaouch pass (2,592 m), and the Tagmout pass (1,919 m). The highest point of the mountain is Amalou n Mansour (2,712 m) which is located to the south-east of the village of Iknioun.
Charles de Foucauld, still only in search of adventure, is one of the first Western travelers to have described his crossing of Jebel Saghro (Reconnaissance au Maroc published in 1888 in Paris). It completes its description with a topographic survey. Jebel Saghro was also later the setting for fierce fighting linked to the progression of the French army within the framework of the protectorate, the battle of Bougafer (February-March 1933), in which the French troops allied to those of the Sultan of Morocco faced an impressive and heroic resistance from the Aït Atta tribes led by Sheikh Assou Oubasslam. It is in this massif that the famous captain Henry de Bournazel, one of the protagonists of this war, was killed in the fight against the Berbers, while assaulting the rocky dome.

 
The painter
Paul-Jean Flandrin is a French painter, younger brother of the painters Auguste Flandrin and Hippolyte Flandrin. he first received advice from the landscape and animal painter Antoine Duclaux, as well as from the sculptor Jean-François Legendre-Héral, before joining the École des beaux-arts de Lyon, then that of Paris and the workshop by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres.
He failed twice in the Prix de Rome competition but nevertheless joined at his own expense his brother Hippolyte in Italy. They stayed in Rome for four years, during which Paul specialized in landscape painting. He carried out studies from nature which he used to undertake historical compositions which he presented at the Parisian Salons. He also regularly collaborates on the landscapes of his older brother's paintings. Flandrin continued until late in the nineteenth century this tradition of classical landscape of which he was one of the best representatives, alongside Édouard Bertin or his father-in-law Alexandre Desgoffe. He combines this with a sense of line and ideal inherited from the lessons of his master Ingres. Charles Baudelaire thus accuses him of wanting to “Ingriser” (painted like Ingres) the landscape, a criticism that will long be associated with it. 

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2021 - Wandering Vertexes...
by Francis Rousseau

HIGH ATLAS PAINTED BY JACQUES MAJORELLE

 

JACQUES MAJORELLE (1886-1962)
High Atlas (4,167 m - 2.589 mi - 13,678 ft)
Morocco  

 

In La kasbah d'Ammeniter et la Vallée d'Ounila, Oil on canvas, 1925,  Private collection

The mountain
High Atlas, also called the Grand Atlas is a mountain range in central Morocco, North Africa, the highest part of the Atlas Mountains. The High Atlas rises in the west at the Atlantic Ocean and stretches in an eastern direction to the Moroccan-Algerian border. At the Atlantic and to the southwest the range drops abruptly and makes an impressive transition to the coast and the Anti-Atlas range. To the north, in the direction of Marrakech, the range descends less abruptly. The range includes Jbel Toubkal, which at 4,167 m (2.589 mi; 13,671 ft) is the highest in the range and lies in Toubkal National Park. The range serves as a weather system barrier in Morocco running east–west and separating the Sahara from the Mediterranean and continental zones to the north and west. In the higher elevations of the massif, snow falls regularly, allowing winter sports. Snow lasts well into last spring in the High Atlas, mostly on the northern faces of the range. On the Western High Atlas, there is Oukaïmeden, one of three main ski stations in Morocco.
The High Atlas forms the basins for a multiplicity of river systems. The majority of the year-round rivers flow to the north, providing the basis for the settlements there. A number of wadis and seasonal rivers terminate in the deserts to the south and plateaux to the east of the mountains. The High-Atlas Mountains are inhabited by Berbers, who live from agriculture and pastoralism in the valleys. In the steppe zone of the High-Atlas, where precipitations are low, the locals created a smart technique in managing the low precipitations and the weak soil. They turn the rather semi-arid lands into fertile valleys called locally by Agdal (garden in Berber). This technique has intrigued many Western agriculturalists, in which they were impressed by the high efficiency of this agricultural system. Many scientists, particularly French scientists, make yearly expeditions to observe the community and their living system.

 

The painter  

Jacques Majorelle son of the celebrated Art Nouveau furniture designer Louis Majorelle, was a French painter. He studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Nancy in 1901 and later at the Académie Julian in Paris with Schommer and Royer. Majorelle became a noted Orientalist painter, but is most remembered for constructing the villa and gardens that now carry his name, Les Jardins Majorelle in Marrakech.
In around 1917 he travelled to Morocco to recover from heart problems and after short period spent in Casablanca, he visited Marrakech, where he fell in love with the vibrant colours and quality of light he found there. Initially, he used Marrakech as a base for trips to Spain, Italy and other parts of North Africa, including Egypt. Eventually, however, he settled in Marrakech permanently.
He drew inspiration for his paintings from his trips and from Marrakesch itself. His paintings include many street scenes, souks and kasbahs as well as portraits of local inhabitants. He opened a handicrafts workshop in Marrakech and also designed posters to promote travel to Morocco.  His work was profoundly affected by his voyages around the Mediterannean and North Africa. He introduced a more coloured vision, bathed in light where the drawing disappears and the image emerges from large spots of colour laid flat. It seemed as if he had discoved the sun in these countries. His style exhibited more freedom and spontaneity.
In 1919, he married Andrée Longueville and the pair lived in an apartment near the Jemâa el-Fna Square (then at the palace of Pasha Ben Daoud). In 1923, Jacques Majorelle bought a four acre plot, situated on the border of a palm grove in Marrakech and in 1931, he commissioned the architect, Paul Sinoir, to design a Cubist villa for him. He gradually purchased additional land, extending his holding by almost 10 acres. In the grounds around the residence, Majorelle began planting a luxuriant garden which would become known as the Jardins Majorelle or Majorelle Garden. He continued to work on the garden for almost forty years. The garden is often said to be the his finest work.  Majorelle developed a special shade of the colour blue, which was inspired by the blue tiles prevalent in southern Morocco. This colour was used extensively in Majorelle's house and garden, and now carries his name; Majorelle Blue.
The garden proved costly to run and in 1947, Majorelle opened the garden to the public with an admission fee designed to defray the cost of maintenance.  He sold the house and land in the 1950s, after which it fell into disrepair.
Majorelle was sent to France for medical treatment in 1962 following a car accident, and died in Paris, later that year of complications from his injuries. He is buried in Nancy, the place of his birth.
During his lifetime, many of Majorelle's paintings were sold to private buyers and remain in private collections. Some of his early works can be found in Museums around his birthplace such as the Musée de l'Ecole de Nancy. Examples of his later work can be seen in the Mamounia Hotel, Marrakesch, the French Consulate of Marrakech and in the Villa at the Majorelle Gardens. 

 

__________________________________________

2020 - Wandering Vertexes...
by Francis Rousseau

 

TAZOUDA / TONDOUTE BY JACQUES MAJORELLE

  

JACQUES MAJORELLE (1886-1962)

Tazouda / Tondoute (1,539m - 5,049 ft)  

 Morocco

In Les terrasses de Tazouda,  1949, gouache on paper,  60 x 90cm, Private collection

 The site
The site of Tazouda / Tondoute (1,539m - 5,049 ft) is  nowasays  remarkable because it is the place where was discovered in 2002, a completely unknown dinosaur, the Atlasaurus. These are, the scientists said, "the oldest known cranial remains of a sauropod" and are believed to be around 180 million years old, or the Middle Jurassic.
Named “Tazoudasaurus naïmi”, from the name of the village of Tazouda where it was discovered, this dinosaur of about 9 meters long could well be “the ancestor” of the North American sauropods “only 140 million years old years. " Evidence for a major brachiosaurus fossil dates back to 1998, with the gendarmerie discovering trafficking in bones originally discovered by a peasant on a rocky slope above his village. Scented, Moroccan scientists come to study the field and quickly realize that they have fallen on a vein of dinosaur bones. The Moroccan authorities then decided to call on foreign scientists. Under the name of “Dinoatlas”, a research agreement is signed between Moroccan and foreign researchers for a program which will last at least four years.

The painter
Jacques Majorelle son of the celebrated Art Nouveau furniture designer Louis Majorelle, was a French painter. He studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Nancy in 1901 and later at the Académie Julian in Paris with Schommer and Royer. Majorelle became a noted Orientalist painter, but is most remembered for constructing the villa and gardens that now carry his name, Les Jardins Majorelle in Marrakech.
In around 1917 he travelled to Morocco to recover from heart problems and after short period spent in Casablanca, he visited Marrakech, where he fell in love with the vibrant colours and quality of light he found there. Initially, he used Marrakech as a base for trips to Spain, Italy and other parts of North Africa, including Egypt. Eventually, however, he settled in Marrakech permanently.
He drew inspiration for his paintings from his trips and from Marrakesch itself. His paintings include many street scenes, souks and kasbahs as well as portraits of local inhabitants. He opened a handicrafts workshop in Marrakech and also designed posters to promote travel to Morocco. His work was profoundly affected by his voyages around the Mediterannean and North Africa. He introduced a more coloured vision, bathed in light where the drawing disappears and the image emerges from large spots of colour laid flat. It seemed as if he had discoved the sun in these countries. His style exhibited more freedom and spontaneity.
During his lifetime, many of Majorelle's paintings were sold to private buyers and remain in private collections. Some of his early works can be found in Museums around his birthplace such as the Musée de l'Ecole de Nancy. Examples of his later work can be seen in the Mamounia Hotel, Marrakesch, the French Consulate of Marrakech and in the Villa at the Majorelle Gardens.

_______________________________

2020 - Wandering Vertexes...
by Francis Rousseau

RAS SPARTEL BY EUGÈNE DELACROIX

EUGÈNE DELACROIX (1798-1863)

Cap Spartel (315 m - 1, 050 ft) 

Morocco

In  Album d'Afrique du Nord et d'Espagne - La côte d'Afrique vue du détroit de Gibraltar, watercolour, Musée du Louvre, Paris  

The mountain
Cap Spartel (315 m - 1, 050 ft)  or Ras Spartel (رأس سبارتيل) is a promontory of the coast of Morocco, located at the southern entrance of the Strait of Gibraltar, 14 kilometers west of Tangier. Facing Cape Spartel, 44 km to the north, Cape Trafalgar marks the northern entrance to the strait on the Spanish coast. Cape Spartel is often mistakenly indicated as the northernmost point of Africa.
The promontory benefits from a strong rainfall favorable to the vegetation. In ancient times Cape Spartel was called Cape Ampelusium, or Cap of Vineyards. Under the promontory, the waves of the Atlantic Ocean have dug caves, where the inhabitants of the region used to carve millstones. Today, these spectacular "Hercules caves" are a tourist attraction.
On Cape Spartel, 110 meters above sea level, there is a lighthouse, which began operating on October 15, 1864. Its construction was ordered by Sultan Mohammed IV ben Abderrahman at the request of the consular representatives of the European powers alarmed by the Many shipwrecks occurring off the coast. The light from the lighthouse is visible 30 nautical miles (55.6 km).
Off Cape Spartel is the Spartel Bank, a shoal, some of which wanted to make the legendary island of Atlantis.

The painter
Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix was a French Romantic artist regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of the French Romantic school. As a painter and muralist, Delacroix's use of expressive brushstrokes and his study of the optical effects of colour profoundly shaped the work of the Impressionists, while his passion for the exotic inspired the artists of the Symbolist movement. A fine lithographer, Delacroix illustrated various works of William Shakespeare, the Scottish author Walter Scott and the German author Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
In contrast to the Neoclassical perfectionism of his chief rival Ingres, Delacroix took for his inspiration the art of Rubens and painters of the Venetian Renaissance, with an attendant emphasis on colour and movement rather than clarity of outline and carefully modelled form. Dramatic and romantic content characterized the central themes of his maturity, and led him not to the classical models of Greek and Roman art, but to travel in North Africa, in search of the exotic. Friend and spiritual heir to Théodore Géricault, Delacroix was also inspired by Lord Byron, with whom he shared a strong identification with the "forces of the sublime", of nature in often violent action.
However, Delacroix was given to neither sentimentality nor bombast, and his Romanticism was that of an individualist. In the words of Baudelaire:"Delacroix was passionately in love with passion, but coldly determined to express passion as clearly as possible."
In 1832, Delacroix traveled to Spain and North Africa, as part of a diplomatic mission to Morocco shortly after the French conquered Algeria. He went not primarily to study art, but to escape from the civilization of Paris, in hopes of seeing a more primitive culture. He eventually produced over 100 paintings and drawings of scenes from or based on the life of the people of North Africa, and added a new and personal chapter to the interest in Orientalism. Delacroix was entranced by the people and the costumes, and the trip would inform the subject matter of a great many of his future paintings. He believed that the North Africans, in their attire and their attitudes, provided a visual equivalent to the people of Classical Rome and Greece: "The Greeks and Romans are here at my door, in the Arabs who wrap themselves in a white blanket and look like Cato or Brutus…"
He managed to sketch some women secretly in Algiers, as in the painting Women of Algiers in their Apartment (1834), but generally he encountered difficulty in finding Muslim women to pose for him because of Muslim rules requiring that women be covered. Less problematic was the painting of Jewish women in North Africa, as subjects for the Jewish Wedding in Morocco (1837–41).
While in Tangier, Delacroix made many sketches of the people and the city, subjects to which he would return until the end of his life. Animals—the embodiment of romantic passion—were incorporated into paintings such as Arab Horses Fighting in a Stable (1860), The Lion Hunt (of which there exist many versions, painted between 1856 and 1861), and Arab Saddling his Horse (1855).

__________________________________
2019 - Wandering Vertexes...
by Francis Rousseau

JEBEL AYACHI PAINTED BY JACQUES MAJORELLE

JACQUES MAJORELLE (1886-1962)

Jebel Ayachi (3,757m - 12, 326ft) 

Morocco

In Kasbah de l'Atlas, gouache on paper, Private collection 

The mountain 
Jebel Ayachi (3,757m - 12, 326ft) in arabic جبل العياشي‎,  is one of the highest mountains in North Africa, and anchors the Eastern High Atlas in central Morocco.
Rather than denoting a single peak, Jbel Ayachi refers to a mountainous massif more than 20 kilometers in diameter. Conceptually a ring, the Ayachi region harbors a seasonal lake at its center and is surrounded by peaks and passes that often surpass 3000 m in elevation.
During the 20th century, American climbers erected a large metal cone to mark the peak. Jbel Ayachi's second-highest peak is located in the southeast.
Despite its proximity to the Sahara Desert, the peaks of Ayachi remain snow-covered and cold late into the year. Snow remains on most of the peaks until late May or early June, and in a few sheltered spots may survive the entire summer.
The government of Morocco published accurate topographical maps of the region in 1968, including contours, peaks, and some of the paths and springs. This can be purchased from the Division de Cartographie in major Moroccan cities. The Ayachi region is covered by the maps of the Midelt and Er-Rich districts.

This mountain area provides a habitat to the bearded vulture.
The heart of the nomadic community in Ayachi is the village of Tarhirat, which has no permanent dwellings but is centrally located and well-watered.


The painter 
Jacques Majorelle son of the celebrated Art Nouveau furniture designer Louis Majorelle, was a French painter. He studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Nancy in 1901 and later at the Académie Julian in Paris with Schommer and Royer. Majorelle became a noted Orientalist painter, but is most remembered for constructing the villa and gardens that now carry his name, Les Jardins Majorelle in Marrakech.
In around 1917 he travelled to Morocco to recover from heart problems and after short period spent in Casablanca, he visited Marrakech, where he fell in love with the vibrant colours and quality of light he found there. Initially, he used Marrakech as a base for trips to Spain, Italy and other parts of North Africa, including Egypt. Eventually, however, he settled in Marrakech permanently.
He drew inspiration for his paintings from his trips and from Marrakesch itself. His paintings include many street scenes, souks and kasbahs as well as portraits of local inhabitants. He opened a handicrafts workshop in Marrakech and also designed posters to promote travel to Morocco.  His work was profoundly affected by his voyages around the Mediterannean and North Africa. He introduced a more coloured vision, bathed in light where the drawing disappears and the image emerges from large spots of colour laid flat. It seemed as if he had discoved the sun in these countries. His style exhibited more freedom and spontaneity.
During his lifetime, many of Majorelle's paintings were sold to private buyers and remain in private collections. Some of his early works can be found in Museums around his birthplace such as the Musée de l'Ecole de Nancy. Examples of his later work can be seen in the Mamounia Hotel, Marrakesch, the French Consulate of Marrakech and in the Villa at the Majorelle Gardens.

_______________________________
2019 - Wandering Vertexes...
by Francis Rousseau 

JEBEL TOUBKAL (2) BY SIR WINSTON CHURCHILL

SIR WINSTON CHURCHILL  (1874-1965)

Jebel Toubkal (4,167 m - 13, 671 ft) 

Morocco

In a View of Marrakech and Jebel Toubkal, oil on canvas, private owner

The mountain 

Jebel Toubkal (4,167 m - 13, 671 ft)  is the high point of the High Atlas as well as Morocco and North Africa . It is located 63 km south of Marrakech, in the province of Al Haouz, inside the national park that bears its name.
The word Toubkal would be a deformation of French origin of the same Amazigh name Tugg Akal or toug-akal  which means "the one who looks up the earth". The people of this region still use this name.  The Toubkal massif is made up of rocks of various natures. Dark rocks of volcanic origin are found on the summits of andesite and rhyolite. Glaciers have left characteristic marks of their passage in the form of valleys in trough. During the Würm glaciation, the present valley of Assif n'Ait Mizane  was occupied by the longest glacier in the Atlas, about 5 km long.
The climate at Jebel Toubkal  is mountainous. The snow falls in winter and covers the summit.
In the nineteenth century, the interior of Morocco was still terra incognita for the Europeans and for a long time the Jebel Ayachi (3,747 m -12,293ft) ) passed for the highest summit of the High Atlas. In fact, the Toubkal was officially climbed for the first time only on 12 June 1923 by the Marquis de Segonzac, accompanied by Vincent Berger and Hubert Dolbeau. The cairns which they found on the summit had been built by the Berbers of the environs for whom the Toubkal is a holy place dedicated to Sidi Chamarouch (or Chamharouch). A sanctuary is dedicated to him on the way from Imlil to Toubkal.
The ascent of the roof of North Africa attracts a large number of followers of the trekking. This ascent attracts the crowd as much as it does not present great technical difficulties and that the assistance of the muleteers and their mules reduces the physical efforts. The altitude is relatively high (3,200 meters at the shelter and 4,167 meters at the summit).

The artist
 Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill was forty before he discovered the pleasures of painting. The compositional challenge of depicting a landscape gave the heroic rebel in him temporary repose. He possessed the heightened perception of the genuine artist to whom no scene is commonplace. Over a period of forty-eight years his creativity yielded more than 500 pictures. His art quickly became half passion, half philosophy. He enjoyed holding forth in speech and print on the aesthetic rewards for amateur devotees. To him it was the greatest of hobbies. He had found his other world -- a respite from crowding events and pulsating politics.
Encouragement to persevere with his hobby stemmed from an amateur prize (his first) which he won for "Winter Sunshine, Chartwell" a bright reflection of his Kentish home. He sent five paintings to be exhibited in Paris in the 1920s.
Modesty shone through that self-estimate. Modesty - and warm sympathy --were undeniably evident in what Churchill told a fellow painter, Sergeant Edmund Murray, his bodyguard from 1950 to 1965. Murray had been in the Foreign Legion and the London Metropolitan Police. Interviewing him to gauge his suitability, Churchill said: "You have had a most interesting life. And I hear you even paint in oils." After Murray had his work rejected by the Royal Academy, Churchill told him: "You know, your paintings are so much better than mine, but yours are judged on their merit."
Churchill's progressive workmanship demonstrates that a pseudonym employed at a crucial stage shrewdly enabled him to find out where he stood before moving on to fine-tool his talent.Churchill again favoured a pseudonym (Mr. Winter) in 1947 when offering works to the Royal Academy, so his fame in other spheres was not exploited. Two pictures were accepted and eventually the title of Honorary Academician Extraordinary was conferred on him. He earned it. That is borne out by the conclusion of the renowned painter Sir Oswald Birley: "If Churchill had given the time to art that he has given to politics, he would have been by all odds the world's greatest painter." Connoisseurs of Sir Winston's art stoutly defend their individual preference, but there are convincing arguments for bestowing highest praise on "The Blue Sitting Room, Trent Park" which was sold in 1949 to aid charity.
Despite outward flippancy, Churchill had a true craftsman's dedication when he took up a paint brush. He consulted teachers admired for their professionalism. He was fond of citing Ruskin's Elements of Drawing and readily accepted Sir William Orpen's suggestion that he should visit Avignon, where the light can verge on a miracle. He recalled an encounter on the Côte d'Azur with artists who worshipped at the throne of Cezanne and gratefully acknowledged the inspiration he derived from their exchange. Marrakech, Morocco -- irresistible and productive -- always brought out the best in him.
Churchill sought and found tranquillity in his art. His much quoted words, summing up expectations of celestial bliss, retain their lustre: "When I get to heaven I mean to spend a considerable portion of my first million years in painting, and so get to the bottom of the subject..."

___________________________________________
2019 - Wandering Vertexes...

by Francis Rousseau 

JEBEL TOUBKAL (3) BY SIR WINSTON CHURCHILL

SIR WINSTON CHURCHILL  (1874-1965)

Jebel Toubkal (4,167 m - 13, 671 ft) 

Morocco 

 In The Tower of Katubia Mosque, 1943,  oil on canvas,  The Brad Pitt collection 

About the painting 
The Tower of Katoubia Mosque, is  the only painting that Churchill painted during the war; he ultimately sent the painting to President Franklin D. Roosevelt.  In this painting, mount Toubkal, the highest summit of Moroccan Atlas, can be seen  afar the city of Marrakech., on the left side of the composition.

The mountain 
Jebel Toubkal (4,167 m - 13, 671 ft)  is the high point of the High Atlas as well as Morocco and North Africa . It is located 63 km south of Marrakech, in the province of Al Haouz, inside the national park that bears its name.
The Toubkal massif is made up of rocks of various natures. Dark rocks of volcanic origin are found on the summits of andesite and rhyolite. Glaciers have left characteristic marks of their passage in the form of valleys in trough. During the Würm glaciation, the present valley of Assif n'Ait Mizane  was occupied by the longest glacier in the Atlas, about 5 km long.
The climate at Jebel Toubkal is mountainous. The snow falls in winter and covers the summit.
In the nineteenth century, the interior of Morocco was still terra incognita for the Europeans and for a long time the Jebel Ayachi (3,747 m -12,293ft) ) passed for the highest summit of the High Atlas. In fact, the Toubkal was officially climbed for the first time only on 12 June 1923 by the Marquis de Segonzac, accompanied by Vincent Berger and Hubert Dolbeau. The cairns which they found on the summit had been built by the Berbers of the environs for whom the Toubkal is a holy place dedicated to Sidi Chamarouch (or Chamharouch). A sanctuary is dedicated to him on the way from Imlil to Toubkal.
The ascent of the roof of North Africa attracts a large number of followers of the trekking. This ascent attracts the crowd as much as it does not present great technical difficulties and that the assistance of the muleteers and their mules reduces the physical efforts. The altitude is relatively high (3,200 meters at the shelter and 4,167 meters at the summit).

The painter
Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill was 40 before he discovered the pleasures of painting. The compositional challenge of depicting a landscape gave the heroic rebel in him temporary repose. He possessed the heightened perception of the genuine artist to whom no scene is commonplace. Over a period of forty-eight years his creativity yielded more than 500 pictures. His art quickly became half passion, half philosophy. He enjoyed holding forth in speech and print on the aesthetic rewards for amateur devotees. To him it was the greatest of hobbies. He had found his other world -- a respite from crowding events and pulsating politics.
Encouragement to persevere with his hobby stemmed from an amateur prize (his first) which he won for "Winter Sunshine, Chartwell" a bright reflection of his Kentish home. He sent five paintings to be exhibited in Paris in the 1920s.
Modesty shone through that self-estimate. Modesty - and warm sympathy --were undeniably evident in what Churchill told a fellow painter, Sergeant Edmund Murray, his bodyguard from 1950 to 1965. Murray had been in the Foreign Legion and the London Metropolitan Police. Interviewing him to gauge his suitability, Churchill said: "You have had a most interesting life. And I hear you even paint in oils." After Murray had his work rejected by the Royal Academy, Churchill told him: "You know, your paintings are so much better than mine, but yours are judged on their merit."
Churchill's progressive workmanship demonstrates that a pseudonym employed at a crucial stage shrewdly enabled him to find out where he stood before moving on to fine-tool his talent.Churchill again favoured a pseudonym (Mr. Winter) in 1947 when offering works to the Royal Academy, so his fame in other spheres was not exploited. Two pictures were accepted and eventually the title of Honorary Academician Extraordinary was conferred on him. He earned it. That is borne out by the conclusion of the renowned painter Sir Oswald Birley: "If Churchill had given the time to art that he has given to politics, he would have been by all odds the world's greatest painter." Connoisseurs of Sir Winston's art stoutly defend their individual preference, but there are convincing arguments for bestowing highest praise on "The Blue Sitting Room, Trent Park" which was sold in 1949 to aid charity.
Despite outward flippancy, Churchill had a true craftsman's dedication when he took up a paint brush. He consulted teachers admired for their professionalism. He was fond of citing Ruskin's Elements of Drawing and readily accepted Sir William Orpen's suggestion that he should visit Avignon, where the light can verge on a miracle. He recalled an encounter on the Côte d'Azur with artists who worshipped at the throne of Cezanne and gratefully acknowledged the inspiration he derived from their exchange. Marrakech, Morocco -- irresistible and productive -- always brought out the best in him.
Churchill sought and found tranquillity in his art. His much quoted words, summing up expectations of celestial bliss, retain their lustre: "When I get to heaven I mean to spend a considerable portion of my first million years in painting, and so get to the bottom of the subject..."

_______________________________
2018 - Wandering Vertexes...
by Francis Rousseau 

JEBEL SAGHRO BY JACQUES MAJORELLE

JACQUES MAJORELLE (1886-1962), 

Jebel Saghro or Adrar Saghro (2,712 m - 8,898 ft) 

Morocco 

 In Tinghir todra, oil on canvas, 1930, Private owner

The mountain 
The Jebel Saghro  or Adrar Saghro (2,712 m - 8,898 ft) is located less than 100 km south of the central High Atlas, Morocco, overlooking the valleys of Drâa and Dadès, eastern part of the Anti-Atlas.
Lunar landscapes of plateaus, peaks, canyons, forest of pitons, immensity of spaces. In this chaos of black rocks, the small villages, are reduced to a few small houses surrounded by a bouquet of palm or almond trees. The north-south crossings are made by three passes traversed by difficult and very spectacular tracks: the Tazazert pass (2,283 m), the Kouaouch pass (2,592 m), and the Tagmout pass (1,919 m). The highest point of the mountain is the Amalou n Mansour (2,712 m) which is located southeast of the village of Iknioun.
Charles de Foucauld, gone in search of spirituality, is one of the first Western travelers having explored Jebel Saghro, (Reconnaissance au Maroc  published in 1888 in Paris).

The painter 
Jacques Majorelle son of the celebrated Art Nouveau furniture designer Louis Majorelle, was a French painter. He studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Nancy in 1901 and later at the Académie Julian in Paris with Schommer and Royer. Majorelle became a noted Orientalist painter, but is most remembered for constructing the villa and gardens that now carry his name, Les Jardins Majorelle in Marrakech.
In around 1917 he travelled to Morocco to recover from heart problems and after short period spent in Casablanca, he visited Marrakech, where he fell in love with the vibrant colours and quality of light he found there. Initially, he used Marrakech as a base for trips to Spain, Italy and other parts of North Africa, including Egypt. Eventually, however, he settled in Marrakech permanently.
He drew inspiration for his paintings from his trips and from Marrakesch itself. His paintings include many street scenes, souks and kasbahs as well as portraits of local inhabitants. He opened a handicrafts workshop in Marrakech and also designed posters to promote travel to Morocco.  His work was profoundly affected by his voyages around the Mediterannean and North Africa. He introduced a more coloured vision, bathed in light where the drawing disappears and the image emerges from large spots of colour laid flat. It seemed as if he had discoved the sun in these countries. His style exhibited more freedom and spontaneity.
During his lifetime, many of Majorelle's paintings were sold to private buyers and remain in private collections. Some of his early works can be found in Museums around his birthplace such as the Musée de l'Ecole de Nancy. Examples of his later work can be seen in the Mamounia Hotel, Marrakesch, the French Consulate of Marrakech and in the Villa at the Majorelle Gardens.

_______________________________
2018 - Wandering Vertexes...
by Francis Rousseau 

JEBEL BOU NACEUR BY EUGENE DELACROIX

EUGENE  DELACROIX  (1798-1863)

Jebel Bou Naceur (3,356 m - 11,010 ft)

Morocco

 In  Album d'Afrique du Nord et d'Espagne - Environs de Meknès, 1832, watercolour on paper 

The mountain 

Jebel Bou Naceur (3,356 m)  or Adrar Bou Nacer, in Morocco is the highest peak of the Middle Eastern  Atlas, located in its very heart. It is covered with neonates during three quarters of the year, but  despite of that is subject to a typical Mediterranean climate.

The cities of Meknes and Fes are the closest from this summit.

The painter 
Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix was a French Romantic artist regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of the French Romantic school. As a painter and muralist, Delacroix's use of expressive brushstrokes and his study of the optical effects of colour profoundly shaped the work of the Impressionists, while his passion for the exotic inspired the artists of the Symbolist movement. A fine lithographer, Delacroix illustrated various works of William Shakespeare, the Scottish author Walter Scott and the German author Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
In contrast to the Neoclassical perfectionism of his chief rival Ingres, Delacroix took for his inspiration the art of Rubens and painters of the Venetian Renaissance, with an attendant emphasis on colour and movement rather than clarity of outline and carefully modeled form. Dramatic and romantic content characterized the central themes of his maturity, and led him not to the classical models of Greek and Roman art, but to travel in North Africa, in search of the exotic. Friend and spiritual heir to Théodore Géricault, Delacroix was also inspired by Lord Byron, with whom he shared a strong identification with the "forces of the sublime", of nature in often violent action.
However, Delacroix was given to neither sentimentality nor bombast, and his Romanticism was that of an individualist. In the words of Baudelaire, "Delacroix was passionately in love with passion, but coldly determined to express passion as clearly as possible."
In 1832, Delacroix traveled to Spain and North Africa, as part of a diplomatic mission to Morocco shortly after the French conquered Algeria. He went not primarily to study art, but to escape from the civilization of Paris, in hopes of seeing a more primitive culture.  He eventually produced over 100 paintings and drawings of scenes from or based on the life of the people of North Africa, and added a new and personal chapter to the interest in Orientalism.  Delacroix was entranced by the people and the costumes, and the trip would inform the subject matter of a great many of his future paintings. He believed that the North Africans, in their attire and their attitudes, provided a visual equivalent to the people of Classical Rome and Greece: "The Greeks and Romans are here at my door, in the Arabs who wrap themselves in a white blanket and look like Cato or Brutus…"
He managed to sketch some women secretly in Algiers, as in the painting Women of Algiers in their Apartment (1834), but generally he encountered difficulty in finding Muslim women to pose for him because of Muslim rules requiring that women be covered. Less problematic was the painting of Jewish women in North Africa, as subjects for the Jewish Wedding in Morocco (1837–41).
While in Tangier, Delacroix made many sketches of the people and the city (see painting above), subjects to which he would return until the end of his life. Animals—the embodiment of romantic passion—were incorporated into paintings such as Arab Horses Fighting in a Stable (1860), The Lion Hunt (of which there exist many versions, painted between 1856 and 1861), and Arab Saddling his Horse (1855).

___________________________________________
2018 - Wandering Vertexes...
by Francis Rousseau 

TIZI N'TICHKKA (2) BY JACQUES MAJORELLE

JACQUES MAJORELLE (1886- 1962)

                                                         Tizi n'Tichka  (2,260m - 7,415ft) 

Morocco

In Kasbah et Atlas, gouache sur papier, Private collection 

The mountain pass

Tizi n'Tichka (2,260m - 7,415ft)  is a mountain pass in Morocco, linking the south-east of Marrakesh-Safi to the city of Ouarzazate through the High Atlas mountains and visible from Ounila valley.  It lies above the great Marrakech Plains and is a gateway to the Sahara Desert. From November through March, snow can often fall on the pass, but it can be warm all year round in the strong sun.  It  is the highest major mountain pass in North Africa. The road was constructed along the old caravan trail by the French military in 1936, and is now part of National Route 9 (formerly Route P-31). 

The last, known Barbary lion in the wilderness of North Africa was shot near Tizi n'Tichka pass in 1942. Genetically speaking, however, the Barbary lion appears to live on in the Senegal lion of Western and Central Africa.

The painter 

Jacques Majorelle son of the celebrated Art Nouveau furniture designer Louis Majorelle, was a French painter. He studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Nancy in 1901 and later at the Académie Julian in Paris with Schommer and Royer. Majorelle became a noted Orientalist painter, but is most remembered for constructing the villa and gardens that now carry his name, Les Jardins Majorelle in Marrakech.
In around 1917 he travelled to Morocco to recover from heart problems and after short period spent in Casablanca, he visited Marrakech, where he fell in love with the vibrant colours and quality of light he found there. Initially, he used Marrakech as a base for trips to Spain, Italy and other parts of North Africa, including Egypt. Eventually, however, he settled in Marrakech permanently.
He drew inspiration for his paintings from his trips and from Marrakesch itself. His paintings include many street scenes, souks and kasbahs as well as portraits of local inhabitants. He opened a handicrafts workshop in Marrakech and also designed posters to promote travel to Morocco.  His work was profoundly affected by his voyages around the Mediterannean and North Africa. He introduced a more coloured vision, bathed in light where the drawing disappears and the image emerges from large spots of colour laid flat. It seemed as if he had discoved the sun in these countries. His style exhibited more freedom and spontaneity.
In 1919, he married Andrée Longueville and the pair lived in an apartment near the Jemâa el-Fna Square (then at the palace of Pasha Ben Daoud). In 1923, Jacques Majorelle bought a four acre plot, situated on the border of a palm grove in Marrakech and in 1931, he commissioned the architect, Paul Sinoir, to design a Cubist villa for him. He gradually purchased additional land, extending his holding by almost 10 acres. In the grounds around the residence, Majorelle began planting a luxuriant garden which would become known as the Jardins Majorelle or Majorelle Garden. He continued to work on the garden for almost forty years. The garden is often said to be the his finest work.  Majorelle developed a special shade of the colour blue, which was inspired by the blue tiles prevalent in southern Morocco. This colour was used extensively in Majorelle's house and garden, and now carries his name; Majorelle Blue.
The garden proved costly to run and in 1947, Majorelle opened the garden to the public with an admission fee designed to defray the cost of maintenance.  He sold the house and land in the 1950s, after which it fell into disrepair.
Majorelle was sent to France for medical treatment in 1962 following a car accident, and died in Paris, later that year of complications from his injuries. He is buried in Nancy, the place of his birth.
During his lifetime, many of Majorelle's paintings were sold to private buyers and remain in private collections. Some of his early works can be found in Museums around his birthplace such as the Musée de l'Ecole de Nancy. Examples of his later work can be seen in the Mamounia Hotel, Marrakesch, the French Consulate of Marrakech and in the Villa at the Majorelle Gardens. 

JEBEL TOUBKAL BY SIR WINSTON CHURCHILL

SIR WINSTON CHURCHILL  (1874-1965)

Jebel Toubkal (4,167 m - 13, 671 ft) 

Morocco 

 In Jebel Toubkal at sunset, oil on canvas

The mountain 

Jebel Toubkal (4,167 m - 13, 671 ft)  is the high point of the High Atlas as well as Morocco and North Africa . It is located 63 km south of Marrakech, in the province of Al Haouz, inside the national park that bears its name.
The word Toubkal would be a deformation of French origin of the same Amazigh name Tugg Akal or toug-akal  which means "the one who looks up the earth". The people of this region still use this name.  The Toubkal massif is made up of rocks of various natures. Dark rocks of volcanic origin are found on the summits of andesite and rhyolite. Glaciers have left characteristic marks of their passage in the form of valleys in trough. During the Würm glaciation, the present valley of Assif n'Ait Mizane  was occupied by the longest glacier in the Atlas, about 5 km long.
The climate at Jebel Toubkal  is mountainous. The snow falls in winter and covers the summit.
In the nineteenth century, the interior of Morocco was still terra incognita for the Europeans and for a long time the Jebel Ayachi (3,747 m -12,293ft) ) passed for the highest summit of the High Atlas. In fact, the Toubkal was officially climbed for the first time only on 12 June 1923 by the Marquis de Segonzac, accompanied by Vincent Berger and Hubert Dolbeau. The cairns which they found on the summit had been built by the Berbers of the environs for whom the Toubkal is a holy place dedicated to Sidi Chamarouch (or Chamharouch). A sanctuary is dedicated to him on the way from Imlil to Toubkal.
The ascent of the roof of North Africa attracts a large number of followers of the trekking. This ascent attracts the crowd as much as it does not present great technical difficulties and that the assistance of the muleteers and their mules reduces the physical efforts. The altitude is relatively high (3,200 meters at the shelter and 4,167 meters at the summit).


The artist
 Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill was forty before he discovered the pleasures of painting. The compositional challenge of depicting a landscape gave the heroic rebel in him temporary repose. He possessed the heightened perception of the genuine artist to whom no scene is commonplace. Over a period of forty-eight years his creativity yielded more than 500 pictures. His art quickly became half passion, half philosophy. He enjoyed holding forth in speech and print on the aesthetic rewards for amateur devotees. To him it was the greatest of hobbies. He had found his other world -- a respite from crowding events and pulsating politics.
Encouragement to persevere with his hobby stemmed from an amateur prize (his first) which he won for "Winter Sunshine, Chartwell" a bright reflection of his Kentish home. He sent five paintings to be exhibited in Paris in the 1920s.
Modesty shone through that self-estimate. Modesty - and warm sympathy --were undeniably evident in what Churchill told a fellow painter, Sergeant Edmund Murray, his bodyguard from 1950 to 1965. Murray had been in the Foreign Legion and the London Metropolitan Police. Interviewing him to gauge his suitability, Churchill said: "You have had a most interesting life. And I hear you even paint in oils." After Murray had his work rejected by the Royal Academy, Churchill told him: "You know, your paintings are so much better than mine, but yours are judged on their merit."
Churchill's progressive workmanship demonstrates that a pseudonym employed at a crucial stage shrewdly enabled him to find out where he stood before moving on to fine-tool his talent.Churchill again favoured a pseudonym (Mr. Winter) in 1947 when offering works to the Royal Academy, so his fame in other spheres was not exploited. Two pictures were accepted and eventually the title of Honorary Academician Extraordinary was conferred on him. He earned it. That is borne out by the conclusion of the renowned painter Sir Oswald Birley: "If Churchill had given the time to art that he has given to politics, he would have been by all odds the world's greatest painter." Connoisseurs of Sir Winston's art stoutly defend their individual preference, but there are convincing arguments for bestowing highest praise on "The Blue Sitting Room, Trent Park" which was sold in 1949 to aid charity.
Despite outward flippancy, Churchill had a true craftsman's dedication when he took up a paint brush. He consulted teachers admired for their professionalism. He was fond of citing Ruskin's Elements of Drawing and readily accepted Sir William Orpen's suggestion that he should visit Avignon, where the light can verge on a miracle. He recalled an encounter on the Côte d'Azur with artists who worshipped at the throne of Cezanne and gratefully acknowledged the inspiration he derived from their exchange. Marrakech, Morocco -- irresistible and productive -- always brought out the best in him.
Churchill sought and found tranquillity in his art. His much quoted words, summing up expectations of celestial bliss, retain their lustre: "When I get to heaven I mean to spend a considerable portion of my first million years in painting, and so get to the bottom of the subject..."
___________________________________________
2019 - Wandering Vertexes...
by Francis Rousseau 

TIZI N'TICHKA BY JACQUES MAJORELLE

JACQUES MAJORELLE  (1886-1962) 

Tizi n'Tichka  (2,260m- 7,415ft) 

Morocco

In Irounen, Grand atlas, Vallée d'Ounila, gouache sur papier, Private collection 

The mountain pass

Tizi n'Tichka (2,260m - 7,415ft)  is a mountain pass in Morocco, linking the south-east of Marrakesh-Safi to the city of Ouarzazate through the High Atlas mountains and visible from Ounila valley.  It lies above the great Marrakech Plains and is a gateway to the Sahara Desert. From November through March, snow can often fall on the pass, but it can be warm all year round in the strong sun.  It  is the highest major mountain pass in North Africa. The road was constructed along the old caravan trail by the French military in 1936, and is now part of National Route 9 (formerly Route P-31). 

The last, known Barbary lion in the wilderness of North Africa was shot near Tizi n'Tichka pass in 1942. Genetically speaking, however, the Barbary lion appears to live on in the Senegal lion of Western and Central Africa.

The painter 

Jacques Majorelle son of the celebrated Art Nouveau furniture designer Louis Majorelle, was a French painter. He studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Nancy in 1901 and later at the Académie Julian in Paris with Schommer and Royer. Majorelle became a noted Orientalist painter, but is most remembered for constructing the villa and gardens that now carry his name, Les Jardins Majorelle in Marrakech.
In around 1917 he travelled to Morocco to recover from heart problems and after short period spent in Casablanca, he visited Marrakech, where he fell in love with the vibrant colours and quality of light he found there. Initially, he used Marrakech as a base for trips to Spain, Italy and other parts of North Africa, including Egypt. Eventually, however, he settled in Marrakech permanently.
He drew inspiration for his paintings from his trips and from Marrakesch itself. His paintings include many street scenes, souks and kasbahs as well as portraits of local inhabitants. He opened a handicrafts workshop in Marrakech and also designed posters to promote travel to Morocco.  His work was profoundly affected by his voyages around the Mediterannean and North Africa. He introduced a more coloured vision, bathed in light where the drawing disappears and the image emerges from large spots of colour laid flat. It seemed as if he had discoved the sun in these countries. His style exhibited more freedom and spontaneity.
In 1919, he married Andrée Longueville and the pair lived in an apartment near the Jemâa el-Fna Square (then at the palace of Pasha Ben Daoud). In 1923, Jacques Majorelle bought a four acre plot, situated on the border of a palm grove in Marrakech and in 1931, he commissioned the architect, Paul Sinoir, to design a Cubist villa for him. He gradually purchased additional land, extending his holding by almost 10 acres. In the grounds around the residence, Majorelle began planting a luxuriant garden which would become known as the Jardins Majorelle or Majorelle Garden. He continued to work on the garden for almost forty years. The garden is often said to be the his finest work.  Majorelle developed a special shade of the colour blue, which was inspired by the blue tiles prevalent in southern Morocco. This colour was used extensively in Majorelle's house and garden, and now carries his name; Majorelle Blue.
The garden proved costly to run and in 1947, Majorelle opened the garden to the public with an admission fee designed to defray the cost of maintenance.  He sold the house and land in the 1950s, after which it fell into disrepair.
Majorelle was sent to France for medical treatment in 1962 following a car accident, and died in Paris, later that year of complications from his injuries. He is buried in Nancy, the place of his birth.
During his lifetime, many of Majorelle's paintings were sold to private buyers and remain in private collections. Some of his early works can be found in Museums around his birthplace such as the Musée de l'Ecole de Nancy. Examples of his later work can be seen in the Mamounia Hotel, Marrakesch, the French Consulate of Marrakech and in the Villa at the Majorelle Gardens.